INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to compare the effects of the two most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine and risperidone, on fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile of the recipients.

METHODSA randomised, comparative, open clinical study was conducted on 60 schizophrenic patients. The patients were divided into two groups, one receiving olanzapine and the other receiving risperidone. The patients were assessed for changes in fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile (triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL] and total cholesterol) eight weeks after starting treatment. The number of patients positive for fasting blood sugar and lipid profile criteria of metabolic syndrome was calculated by applying the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines (NCEP ATP III) criteria at eight weeks.

RESULTSPatients treated with olanzapine showed a highly significant increase in the observed parameters, whereas those treated with risperidone showed a significant increase in fasting blood sugar, HDL and LDL levels, and a highly significant increase in other parameters. Intergroup comparison was insignificant except for TG, VLDL and total cholesterol levels. More men as compared to women fulfilled the NCEP ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome in both groups.

CONCLUSIONOlanzapine has a higher propensity to cause derangement of some parameters of lipid profile than risperidone. These parameters include TG, VLDL and total cholesterol levels.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antipsychotic Agents ; pharmacology ; Benzodiazepines ; pharmacology ; Blood Glucose ; drug effects ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Lipids ; blood ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; drug effects ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; blood ; Lipoproteins, VLDL ; drug effects ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risperidone ; pharmacology ; Schizophrenia ; blood ; drug therapy ; Triglycerides ; blood

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to compare assessments of the healing of periapical endodontic surgery using conventional radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This review of clinical studies was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. All articles published from 1990 to March 2020 pertaining to clinical and radiographic healing assessments after endodontic surgery using conventional radiography and CBCT were included. The question was “healing assessment of endodontic surgery using cone-beam computed tomography.” The review was conducted by manual searching, as well as undertaking a review of electronic literature databases, including PubMed and Scopus. The studies included compared radiographic and CBCT assessments of periapical healing after periapical endodontic surgery. Results: The initial search retrieved 372 articles. The titles and abstracts of these articles were read, leading to the selection of 73 articles for full-text analysis. After the eligibility criteria were applied, 11 articles were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. The majority of studies found that CBCT enabled better assessments of healing than conventional radiography, suggesting higher efficacy of CBCT for correct diagnosis and treatment planning. A risk of bias assessment was done for 10 studies, which fell into the low to moderate risk categories. Conclusion Three-dimensional radiography provides an overall better assessment of healing, which is imperative for correct diagnosis and treatment planning.

Background: Founder mutation is a heritable genetic alteration observed with high frequency in a geographically and culturally isolated population where one or more ancestors becomes the forebearer of the altered gene. The current study reports two founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in the Nepalese people. Methods: Germline BRCA testing in all surface epithelial ovarian cancers and the selected case of breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers has been the standard practice from 2016 to 2021. One thousand one hundred thirtythree probands were screened for germline BRCA variants by next generation sequencing. The variants were classified as per the American Society of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommendations. Pathogenic (class V) and likely pathogenic (class IV) were considered clinically relevant and utilized for cascade screening. Results: Nepalese population made up a subcohort of 5.12% (58/1,133) of probands tested for germline BRCA1/2 variants. Twenty-seven of these 58 tested harbored pathogenic genetic alterations in BRCA1/2 genes, with 23 being BRCA1 mutant. Sixteen of 23 BRCA1 mutant cases shared one common pathogenic mutation c.2214_2215insT (p.Lys739Ter) (NM_007294.4). Additionally, a second highly recurrent mutation in BRCA1 gene c.5068A>T (p.Lys1690Ter) (NM_007294.4) was noted in six patients from this population. Conclusions The overwhelming abundance of the above two variants in a geographically confined population confers these two genetic alterations a status of founder mutations amongst the people of Nepal. A more extensive population-based study to reaffirm these findings will help establish a dual site-specific germline testing similar to the “Multisite-3-assay” in Ashkenazi Jews as the primary screening tool, especially in a resource-constrained environment.

In many ways, cancer cells are different from healthy cells. A lot of tactical nano-based drug delivery systems are based on the difference between cancer and healthy cells. Currently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems are the most promising tool to deliver DNA-based products to cancer cells. This review aims to highlight the latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action. Overall, this review gives us a clear picture of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems, which in the future could form the base to translate the basic siRNA biology into siRNA-based cancer therapies.