Eight compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of 80% ethanol extract of the hulls of Garcinia mangostana by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, as well as prep-HPLC methods. By HR-ESI-MS, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses, the structures of the eight compounds were identified as 16-en mangostenone E(1), α-mangostin(2), 1,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-methy-lbut-2-enyl)-3-methoxyxanthone(3), cratoxyxanthone(4), 2,6-dimethoxy-para-benzoquinone(5), methyl orselinate(6), ficusol(7), and 4-(4-carboxy-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid(8). Compound 1 was a new xanthone, and compound 4 was a xanthone dimer, compound 5 was a naphthoquinone. All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time except compounds 2 and 3. Cytotoxic bioassay suggested that compounds 1, 2 and 4 possessed moderate cytotoxicity, suppressing HeLa cell line with IC_(50) va-lues of 24.3, 35.5 and 17.1 μmol·L~(-1), respectively. Compound 4 also could suppress K562 cells with an IC_(50) value of 39.8 μmol·L~(-1).
Humans ; Garcinia mangostana/chemistry* ; HeLa Cells ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Xanthones/pharmacology* ; Garcinia/chemistry* ; Plant Extracts/chemistry* ; Molecular Structure

OBJECTIVETo establish the chromatographic fingerprint for the quality control of gamboge.

METHODAnalysis on a Luna C8 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column eluted with mobile phases containing acetonitrile and 0.1% glacial acetic acid in water in gradient mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1) and the detection wavelength was at 362 nm. The temperature of column was 25 degrees C. And data of 11 batches of gamboge samples from different sources were analysed by "similarity evaluation for chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine" software.

RESULTThirteen common peaks were selected in chromatograms, and all the common peeks were separated effectively.

CONCLUSIONThe precision, repeatability, and stability of this method were satisfying. The method developed can be used to identify and evaluate the quality of gamboge.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Quality Control

To study xanthones from the barks of Garcinia xanthochymus, the constituents were isolated by normal-phase and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography from the EtOAc extract. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Three new xanthones were purified and identified as 1,2,5-trihydroxy-6-methoxyxanthone (1), 1,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone (2), 1,2,7-trihydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylallyl) xanthone (3).
Garcinia ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of the twigs of Garcinia xipshuanbannaensis.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by column chromatography with silica gel, RP-18 and Sephadex LH-20, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTFifteen compounds were obtained and identified, which were bannaxanthone E (1), xanthochymol (2), isoxanthochymol (3), cycloxanthochymol (4), osajaxanthone (5), gentisein (6), mangostinone (7), kaempferol (8), quercetin (9), vitexin (10), 2"-O-acetylvitexin (11), 3-acetoxyoleanolic acid (12), (-)-epicatechin (13), beta-sitosterol (14) and daucosterol (15), respectively.

CONCLUSIONCompounds 4-9 and 11-13 were isolated from the plant and compounds 11-13 were obtained from the genus Garcinia for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry

The present study was performed to observe histopathological changes in tissues of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (Gastropoda, Bithyniidae) incubated in crude extract solutions of camellia (Camellia oleifera) seed and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp, and furthermore to estimate the molluscicidal effects of 2 plant substances. Substantial numbers of bithyniid snails were incubated in various concentrations of 2 plant solution for 24 hr. As the positive control, snails incubated in various concentrations of niclosamide, a chemical molluscicide, were used. The histopathological findings were observed in sectioned snail specimens of each experimental and control groups. The results showed that both camellia and mangosteen extracts had molluscicidal effects at 24 hr with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) at concentrations of 0.003 and 0.002 g/ml, respectively, while niclosamide had LC50 at concentrations 0.599 ppm. B. siamensis goniomphalos snail tissues (foot, gill, and digestive system) showed disruption of columnar muscle fibers of the foot, reduction of the length and number of gill cilia, numerous mucous vacuoles, and irregularly shaped of epithelial cells. Irregular apical and calciferous cells, dilatation of the digestive gland tubule, and large hemolymphatic spaces, and irregular apical surfaces, detachment of cilia, and enlargement of lysosomal vacuoles of epidermis were also shown in all groups. By the present study, it is confirmed that 2 plants, camellia and mangosteen, are keeping some substance having molluscicidal effects, and histopathological findings obtained in this study will provide some clues in further studies on their action mechanisms to use them as natural molluscicides.
Animals ; Camellia/*chemistry ; Disease Vectors ; Garcinia mangostana/*chemistry ; Gastropoda/*drug effects ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Seeds/chemistry

Gamboge, the resin of Garcinia hanburyi has had a long history of use as the traditional dye as well as a complementary and alternative medicine. The antitumor activities of gamboge have been well demonstrated by inhibiting the growth and progression of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In order to further clarify the mode of action of gamboge, there are three key questions needed to be answered, including what's in gamboge? How do the chemical components from gamboge work on cancer cells? How do biological systems work on the chemical components from gamboge after administration? In this review, we summarize the explorations of the answers toward these questions according to the recent progress in both of chemistry and biology research of gamboge. In addition, the implication in the future research and discovery of the caged G. xanthones as anticancer agents is also discussed.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Humans ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Resins, Plant ; chemistry ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for determing the content of two isomers containd in Garcinia hanburyi by HPLC.

METHODChromatographic column of SunFire (Waters) C8 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 microm) was adopted, with acetonitrile-methanol-0.3% trifluoroacetic acid (36: 37:27) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 360 nm,the flow rate was 0.3 mL x min(-1), and the column temperature was 28 degrees C.

RESULTThe linear regression equation of r-gambogic acid was Y = 2.87 x 10(6) X - 2.24 x 10(5), r = 0.999 9. The linear regression equation of S-gambogic acid was Y = 3.31 x 10(6) X - 1.44 x 10(5), r = 0.999 9. The average recoveries were 100.0% and 100.9%, with RSD being 2.1% and 2.5% (n = 6), respectivley. The average contents of two gambogic acid in G. hanburyi were 30.06% and 21.45%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method was so convenient and stable that it can be used for identification and content determination of two isomers containd in G. hanburyi.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Isomerism ; Linear Models ; Xanthones ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of the barks of Garcinia tetralata.

METHODCompounds were isolated and purified repeatedly by silica gel and ODS column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by their physicochemical properties and spectral data analysis.

RESULTTen compounds were obtained and identified as 1, 7-dihydroxyxanthone (1), buchanaxanthone (2), garciniaxanthone H (3), 1, 2, 5-trihydroxyxanthone (4), subelliptenone H (5), 6-desoxyjacareubin (6), 6-deoxyisojacreubin (7), subelliptenone G (8), methyl orsellinate (9) and beta-sitosterol (10).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-10 were isolated from this plant and compound 9 was obtained from the genus Garcinia for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Resorcinols ; chemistry ; Sitosterols ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Xanthones ; chemistry

Garcinia, a kind of dry resin secreted by Garcinia hanburyi Hook. F. G., is a traditional Chinese medicine with various biological functions such as detoxification, anti-inflammatory, and anthelmintic activities. Recent studies suggest that garcinia has potential anticancer activity. Increasing evidences indicate that the main active monomer gambogic acid isolated from garcinia can inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. Neogambogic acid is an isolated compound with a similar chemical structure as gambogic acid. Preliminary studies show that the neogambogic acid can selectively inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, and has a broader antitumor activity and lower toxicity than gambogic acid. In this review, we summarize the advances made in the investigation of the anti-tumor effect of neogambogic acid in recent years.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Xanthenes ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

The MS and multi-MS spectra of gambogic acid and gambogenic acid in positive ion detection mode were analyzed by electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-QITMS) and their cleavage patterns were summarized. Gamboge samples were separated by a Kromasil C18 column and analyzed by HPLC-PDA and MS. Sixteen xanthones could be separated and detected, A collision induced dissociation (CID) experiment was carried out. Molecular weight and UV spectra with of these compounds were obtained. Ten xanthone compounds in Gamboge were identified by online photodiode array detection-MS(n) and by comparing with data from literature. It is expected to develop a comprehensive quality control method for this kind of compounds in commonly used herbal preparation especially in structure analysis of trace substances.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Garcinia ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods ; Xanthones ; analysis ; chemistry