Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves, and is associated with winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory infections in calves and feedlot cattle. Although the Korean BCoV vaccine strain, BC94, was isolated in 1995, there has still been no report of a molecular characterization of the vaccine strain. To characterize the vaccine strain, relationships between BC94 and field strains were investigated, based on sequence analysis and cross-immunity. We determined the complete sequences of the HE, N, and S genes from BC94 and four NVRQS isolates (SUN5, A3, 0501, 0502). Due to its major role in antigenicity, the spike proteins of the BCoVs were analyzed. BC94 showed distinctive genetic divergence from field isolates collected from 2002 to 2005. BC94, SUN5, and A3 had no virulence-specific sequence and there was a single amino acid change, from asparagine to lysine at residue 175, in the polymorphic region. Strains 0501 and 0502 had virulence-specific sequences at all seven sites. Although the recently isolated Korean BCoVs and BC94 were genetically different, the cleavage site of spike genes at 763~768 (KRRSRR) and the antigenic domain II of the spike protein, amino acid position 528, were conserved in all NVRQS isolates. The antigenic relatedness of KCD9, representative of recent Korean BCoVs, was compared with the Korean vaccine strain BC94. KCD9 showed cross-reactivity against BC94 by virus neutralization (VN) test. These results suggest that BC94 is antigenically closely related to field isolates and is still effective as a vaccine strain.
Adult ; Animals ; Asparagine ; Cattle ; Coronavirus, Bovine ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Lysine ; Proteins ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sequence Analysis ; Sprains and Strains ; Viruses

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves, and is associated with winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory infections in calves and feedlot cattle. Although the Korean BCoV vaccine strain, BC94, was isolated in 1995, there has still been no report of a molecular characterization of the vaccine strain. To characterize the vaccine strain, relationships between BC94 and field strains were investigated, based on sequence analysis and cross-immunity. We determined the complete sequences of the HE, N, and S genes from BC94 and four NVRQS isolates (SUN5, A3, 0501, 0502). Due to its major role in antigenicity, the spike proteins of the BCoVs were analyzed. BC94 showed distinctive genetic divergence from field isolates collected from 2002 to 2005. BC94, SUN5, and A3 had no virulence-specific sequence and there was a single amino acid change, from asparagine to lysine at residue 175, in the polymorphic region. Strains 0501 and 0502 had virulence-specific sequences at all seven sites. Although the recently isolated Korean BCoVs and BC94 were genetically different, the cleavage site of spike genes at 763~768 (KRRSRR) and the antigenic domain II of the spike protein, amino acid position 528, were conserved in all NVRQS isolates. The antigenic relatedness of KCD9, representative of recent Korean BCoVs, was compared with the Korean vaccine strain BC94. KCD9 showed cross-reactivity against BC94 by virus neutralization (VN) test. These results suggest that BC94 is antigenically closely related to field isolates and is still effective as a vaccine strain.
Adult ; Animals ; Asparagine ; Cattle ; Coronavirus, Bovine ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Lysine ; Proteins ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sequence Analysis ; Sprains and Strains ; Viruses

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of hospital nurse's organizational communication satisfaction and safety climate on their medication safety competence. Methods: Data were collected from 131 hospital nurses who administer medications at hospitals in the metropolitan areas. Data were analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe’s test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Medication safety competence was significantly relations to organizational communication satisfaction (r＝.52, p＜.001) and safety climate (r＝.54, p＜.001). Organizational communication satisfaction, safety climate, age 31~35 years and over 36 year, clinical experience 5~10 years and 10 or more years and surgical department influenced on medication safety competence. These factors explained 47.0% of clinical nurse's medication safety competence (p＜.001). Conclusion Organizational communication satisfaction and safety climate had effects on nurses’ medication safety competence. It is needed to formulate strategies to make an organizational climate where the level of communication within the hospital improve and safety is considered a top priority to increase the medication safety competence of hospital nurses.

PURPOSE: This study investigated factors affecting the knowledge and attitude of organ procurement from brain dead patients in nurse clinicians.METHODS: A survey was conducted with 160 clinical nurses from a university hospital in Seoul. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, an ANOVA, Scheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and a multiple regression analysis were used.RESULTS: The mean score for knowledge of organ procurement from brain dead patients was 12.41 ± 2.16 (mean correct answers = 62.1). Factors influencing the knowledge of organ procurement among nurse clinicians were working department (β = .454, p < .001), a recent family death (β = .187, p = .014), experience recognizing potential brain dead patients (β = .182, p = .033), and experience referring to potential brain dead patients (β = -.192, p = .048).CONCLUSION: To ensure effective organ procurement from brain dead patients, it is necessary to continually educate nurse clinicians to improve their attitude and knowledge concerning organ donation.
Brain Death ; Brain ; Humans ; Nurse Clinicians ; Seoul ; Tissue and Organ Procurement

Background/Aims: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the recent nationwide trends in major dietary risk factors for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methods: We estimated age-standardized mean intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, whole grains, dietary fiber, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs); and mean percentage of energy intake from protein, total fat, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat using nationally representative samples from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey 2013–2022. To assess overall diet quality, we calculated mean Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (range 0–100, higher scores indicating greater diet quality). Results: In 2013–2022, there were overall decreasing trends in age-standardized mean KHEI score and intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and dietary fiber; and overall increasing trends in mean intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat among both male and female. The KHEI score increased in older adults aged ≥ 60 years, whereas it decreased among younger adults. Throughout the study period, younger adults tended to have lower intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and whole grains; higher intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat; and lower KHEI score. The mean KHEI score was lower in male (vs. female) and lower (vs. higher) income groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that, from 2013 to 2022, there was a trend toward an unhealthy diet in Korean adults. Our findings also suggest dietary inequalities among age, sex, and income groups, suggesting the need for more intense interventions targeting the vulnerable populations.

Background/Aims: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the recent nationwide trends in major dietary risk factors for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methods: We estimated age-standardized mean intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, whole grains, dietary fiber, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs); and mean percentage of energy intake from protein, total fat, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat using nationally representative samples from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey 2013–2022. To assess overall diet quality, we calculated mean Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (range 0–100, higher scores indicating greater diet quality). Results: In 2013–2022, there were overall decreasing trends in age-standardized mean KHEI score and intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and dietary fiber; and overall increasing trends in mean intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat among both male and female. The KHEI score increased in older adults aged ≥ 60 years, whereas it decreased among younger adults. Throughout the study period, younger adults tended to have lower intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and whole grains; higher intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat; and lower KHEI score. The mean KHEI score was lower in male (vs. female) and lower (vs. higher) income groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that, from 2013 to 2022, there was a trend toward an unhealthy diet in Korean adults. Our findings also suggest dietary inequalities among age, sex, and income groups, suggesting the need for more intense interventions targeting the vulnerable populations.

Background/Aims: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the recent nationwide trends in major dietary risk factors for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methods: We estimated age-standardized mean intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, whole grains, dietary fiber, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs); and mean percentage of energy intake from protein, total fat, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat using nationally representative samples from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey 2013–2022. To assess overall diet quality, we calculated mean Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (range 0–100, higher scores indicating greater diet quality). Results: In 2013–2022, there were overall decreasing trends in age-standardized mean KHEI score and intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and dietary fiber; and overall increasing trends in mean intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat among both male and female. The KHEI score increased in older adults aged ≥ 60 years, whereas it decreased among younger adults. Throughout the study period, younger adults tended to have lower intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and whole grains; higher intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat; and lower KHEI score. The mean KHEI score was lower in male (vs. female) and lower (vs. higher) income groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that, from 2013 to 2022, there was a trend toward an unhealthy diet in Korean adults. Our findings also suggest dietary inequalities among age, sex, and income groups, suggesting the need for more intense interventions targeting the vulnerable populations.

Background/Aims: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the recent nationwide trends in major dietary risk factors for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methods: We estimated age-standardized mean intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, whole grains, dietary fiber, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs); and mean percentage of energy intake from protein, total fat, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat using nationally representative samples from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey 2013–2022. To assess overall diet quality, we calculated mean Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (range 0–100, higher scores indicating greater diet quality). Results: In 2013–2022, there were overall decreasing trends in age-standardized mean KHEI score and intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and dietary fiber; and overall increasing trends in mean intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat among both male and female. The KHEI score increased in older adults aged ≥ 60 years, whereas it decreased among younger adults. Throughout the study period, younger adults tended to have lower intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and whole grains; higher intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat; and lower KHEI score. The mean KHEI score was lower in male (vs. female) and lower (vs. higher) income groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that, from 2013 to 2022, there was a trend toward an unhealthy diet in Korean adults. Our findings also suggest dietary inequalities among age, sex, and income groups, suggesting the need for more intense interventions targeting the vulnerable populations.

Background/Aims: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the recent nationwide trends in major dietary risk factors for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methods: We estimated age-standardized mean intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, whole grains, dietary fiber, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs); and mean percentage of energy intake from protein, total fat, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat using nationally representative samples from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey 2013–2022. To assess overall diet quality, we calculated mean Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (range 0–100, higher scores indicating greater diet quality). Results: In 2013–2022, there were overall decreasing trends in age-standardized mean KHEI score and intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and dietary fiber; and overall increasing trends in mean intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat among both male and female. The KHEI score increased in older adults aged ≥ 60 years, whereas it decreased among younger adults. Throughout the study period, younger adults tended to have lower intakes of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and whole grains; higher intakes of SSBs, protein, and dietary fat; and lower KHEI score. The mean KHEI score was lower in male (vs. female) and lower (vs. higher) income groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that, from 2013 to 2022, there was a trend toward an unhealthy diet in Korean adults. Our findings also suggest dietary inequalities among age, sex, and income groups, suggesting the need for more intense interventions targeting the vulnerable populations.