Tooth eruption involves a complex developmental process of tooth migration from the dental follicular origin to the final occlusion position in the oral cavity via the alveolar process. Disturbance of tooth eruption can occur at any point in a series of eruption stages; however, horizontal impaction of the mandibular first molar and primary retention of the primary mandibular second molar are rarely observed simultaneously. This study describes the treatment for two cases of horizontally impacted first molar with primary retention of primary molar. The primary retention of the primary mandibular second molar was extracted, and orthodontic traction was applied to the horizontally impacted primary mandibular first molar. Subsequently, displacement of the premolar tooth bud was improved and space regaining for eruption was achieved, guiding to normal eruption of the first molar.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to investigate job stressors and stress relievers for Korean emotional laborers, specifically focusing on the effects of work conditions and emotional labor properties. Emotional laborers are asked to hide or distort their real emotions in their interaction with clients. They are exposed to high levels of stress in the emotional labor process, which leads to serious mental health risks including burnout, depression, and even suicide impulse. Exploring job stressors and relieving factors would be the first step in seeking alternatives to protect emotional laborers from those mental health risks. METHODS: Using the third wave data of Korean Working Conditions Survey, logistic regression analysis was conducted for two purposes: to examine the relations of emotional labor and stress, and to find out job stressors and relievers for emotional laborers. RESULTS: The chances of stress arousal are 3.5 times higher for emotional laborers; emotional laborers experience double risk-burden for stress arousal. In addition to general job stressors, emotional laborers need to bear burdens related to emotional labor properties. The effect of social support at the workplace is not significant for stress relief, unlike common assumptions, whereas subjective satisfaction (wage satisfaction and work-life balance) is proven to have relieving effects on emotional laborers' job stress. CONCLUSION: From the results, the importance of a balanced understanding of emotional labor for establishing effective policies for emotional laborer protection is stressed.
Arousal ; Depression ; Logistic Models ; Mental Health ; Suicide

The objective of this study is to analyze the shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons according to light tip distance and optic fiber diameter when an extended optic fiber was applied to the tip of a curing light unit.
In this study, 315 extracted premolar teeth were divided into 3 groups. Orthodontic buttons were attached using no optic fibers (Group I), 3.0 mm diameter optic fibers (Group II), or 5.0 mm diameter optic fibers (Group III). Each group was divided into subgroups A - C (5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 mm light tip distance), respectively. Shear bond strength was then measured while varying the light tip distance.
In group I, shear bond strength significantly decreased as the light tip distance increased. When the shear bond strength was evaluated according to the optic fiber diameter, no statistical significance was observed in group of 5.0 mm light tip distance. Compared with group IB, group IIIB showed significantly greater shear bond strength. Compared with group IC, all groups using 3.0 or 5.0 mm diameter optic fibers showed significantly greater shear bond strength.
Therefore, when a curing light unit has poor accessibility, optic fibers with a large diameter should be considered.

An educational outcome cohort has been established at Keimyung University School of Medicine to help make educational policy decisions and improve educational programs based on data. The purpose of the educational outcome cohort is to support educational policy decisions for achieving graduation outcomes smoothly and to accomplish the intended human resources development of the university through objective analyses and regular monitoring, providing continuous feedback. The data collected for the educational outcome cohort include the student identifications of freshmen, entrance exam scores, premedical and medical school grades, titles and forms of student academic research, the results of psychological testing, scholarship recipient lists, volunteer clubs, and so forth. The data are collected using an information utilization agreement approved by the Institutional Review Board, and the collected data are encrypted and stored on a dedicated computer for enhanced personal information security. Proposals to access and utilize the educational outcome cohort data must be discussed and approved by the Educational Outcome Cohort Committee, which decides on the scope and method of utilization. The collected and managed educational outcome cohort data have been used to develop comparative programs to improve students’ competency and to support admission policy decisions through an analysis of the characteristics and performance of medical school students. The establishment and utilization of the educational outcome cohort will play an important role in determining the School of Medicine’s educational policies and suggesting new directions for educational policies in the future.

Background: The preventative effect of melatonin on the development of obesity and the progression of fatty liver under a high-fat diet (HFD) has been well elucidated through previous studies. We investigated the mechanism behind this effect regarding cholesterol biosynthesis and regulation of cholesterol levels. Methods: Mice were divided into three groups: normal chow diet (NCD); HFD; and HFD and melatonin administration group (HFD+M). We assessed the serum lipid profile, mRNA expression levels of proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis and reabsorption in the liver and nutrient transporters in the intestines, and cytokine levels. Additionally, an in vitro experiment using HepG2 cells was performed. Results: Expression of hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) demonstrated that melatonin administration significantly reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis in mice fed an HFD. Expression of intestinal sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), GLUT5, and Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) demonstrated that melatonin administration significantly reduces intestinal carbohydrate and lipid absorption in mice fed an HFD. There were no differences in local and circulatory inflammatory cytokine levels among the NCD, HFD, and HFD+M group. HepG2 cells stimulated with palmitate showed reduced levels of SREBP, LDLR, and HMGCR indicating these results are due to the direct mechanistic effect of melatonin on hepatocytes. Conclusion Collectively, these data indicate the mechanism behind the protective effects of melatonin from weight gain and liver steatosis under HFD is through a reduction in intestinal caloric absorption and hepatic cholesterol synthesis highlighting its potential in the treatment of obesity and fatty liver disease.

This study utilized cohort data, student lifestyle surveys, and mental health examination results from a medical school to investigate the impact of factors such as hometown, alcohol use, smoking, university life adaptation, and aptitude on academic failure, with mental health serving as a mediator. We analyzed data from 409 of the 549 incoming students at Keimyung University School of Medicine, excluding 140 individuals with missing data, from the academic years 2015 to 2021. Significant differences were found according to hometown in feelings of depression, suicidal tendencies, and internet addiction. There were also significant differences based on university life adaptation in feelings of depression, suicidal tendencies, and internet addiction, as well as significant differences according to academic aptitude in feelings of depression and internet addiction. Academic failure showed significant differences based on hometown, university life adaptation, and academic aptitude. Furthermore, students’ hometown had a complete mediating effect on academic failure together with feelings of depression, suicidal tendencies, and internet addiction. University life adaptation exhibited a complete mediating effect with suicidal tendencies and a partial mediating effect with feelings of depression and internet addiction. Academic aptitude demonstrated partial mediating effects on feelings of depression, suicidal tendencies, and internet addiction. Based on these results, we suggest establishing counseling programs tailored to the characteristics of medical students, and various programs for university life adaptation are necessary. There is also a need for diverse programs not only for clinical training, but also for different career paths.

PURPOSE: This study investigated factors affecting the knowledge and attitude of organ procurement from brain dead patients in nurse clinicians.METHODS: A survey was conducted with 160 clinical nurses from a university hospital in Seoul. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, an ANOVA, Scheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and a multiple regression analysis were used.RESULTS: The mean score for knowledge of organ procurement from brain dead patients was 12.41 ± 2.16 (mean correct answers = 62.1). Factors influencing the knowledge of organ procurement among nurse clinicians were working department (β = .454, p < .001), a recent family death (β = .187, p = .014), experience recognizing potential brain dead patients (β = .182, p = .033), and experience referring to potential brain dead patients (β = -.192, p = .048).CONCLUSION: To ensure effective organ procurement from brain dead patients, it is necessary to continually educate nurse clinicians to improve their attitude and knowledge concerning organ donation.
Brain Death ; Brain ; Humans ; Nurse Clinicians ; Seoul ; Tissue and Organ Procurement

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of genistein on the anticancer effects of chemotherapeutic agents, we examined the effect of a genistein and cisplatin combination on CaSki human cervical cancer cells. METHODS: After the cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells, CaSki cells) had been cultured, cisplatin and genistein were added to the culture medium, and the cell activity was measured using MTT assay. The CaSki cells were cultured in a medium containing cisplatin and genistein, and then, the cells were collected in order to measure p53, Bcl2, ERK, and caspase 3 levels by western blotting. RESULTS: Both the HeLa and CaSki cells had decreased cell viabilities when the cisplatin concentration was 10 μM or higher. When combined with genistein, the cell viabilities of the HeLa and CaSki cells decreased at cisplatin concentrations of 8 μM and 6 μM, respectively. The administration of genistein increased the toxicity of cisplatin in the HeLa and CaSki cells. In the CaSki cells, the p-ERK1/2 level decreased by 37%, the p53 expression level increased by 304%, and the cleaved caspase 3 level increased by 115% in the cisplatin+genistein group compared to that in the cisplatin group. Bcl2 expression was reduced by 69% in the cisplatin+genistein group compared to that in the cisplatin group. CONCLUSION: Genistein enhances the anticancer effect of cisplatin in CaSki cells, and can be used as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant to increase the activity of a chemotherapeutic agent.
Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Cisplatin ; Genistein ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves, and is associated with winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory infections in calves and feedlot cattle. Although the Korean BCoV vaccine strain, BC94, was isolated in 1995, there has still been no report of a molecular characterization of the vaccine strain. To characterize the vaccine strain, relationships between BC94 and field strains were investigated, based on sequence analysis and cross-immunity. We determined the complete sequences of the HE, N, and S genes from BC94 and four NVRQS isolates (SUN5, A3, 0501, 0502). Due to its major role in antigenicity, the spike proteins of the BCoVs were analyzed. BC94 showed distinctive genetic divergence from field isolates collected from 2002 to 2005. BC94, SUN5, and A3 had no virulence-specific sequence and there was a single amino acid change, from asparagine to lysine at residue 175, in the polymorphic region. Strains 0501 and 0502 had virulence-specific sequences at all seven sites. Although the recently isolated Korean BCoVs and BC94 were genetically different, the cleavage site of spike genes at 763~768 (KRRSRR) and the antigenic domain II of the spike protein, amino acid position 528, were conserved in all NVRQS isolates. The antigenic relatedness of KCD9, representative of recent Korean BCoVs, was compared with the Korean vaccine strain BC94. KCD9 showed cross-reactivity against BC94 by virus neutralization (VN) test. These results suggest that BC94 is antigenically closely related to field isolates and is still effective as a vaccine strain.
Adult ; Animals ; Asparagine ; Cattle ; Coronavirus, Bovine ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Lysine ; Proteins ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sequence Analysis ; Sprains and Strains ; Viruses

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves, and is associated with winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory infections in calves and feedlot cattle. Although the Korean BCoV vaccine strain, BC94, was isolated in 1995, there has still been no report of a molecular characterization of the vaccine strain. To characterize the vaccine strain, relationships between BC94 and field strains were investigated, based on sequence analysis and cross-immunity. We determined the complete sequences of the HE, N, and S genes from BC94 and four NVRQS isolates (SUN5, A3, 0501, 0502). Due to its major role in antigenicity, the spike proteins of the BCoVs were analyzed. BC94 showed distinctive genetic divergence from field isolates collected from 2002 to 2005. BC94, SUN5, and A3 had no virulence-specific sequence and there was a single amino acid change, from asparagine to lysine at residue 175, in the polymorphic region. Strains 0501 and 0502 had virulence-specific sequences at all seven sites. Although the recently isolated Korean BCoVs and BC94 were genetically different, the cleavage site of spike genes at 763~768 (KRRSRR) and the antigenic domain II of the spike protein, amino acid position 528, were conserved in all NVRQS isolates. The antigenic relatedness of KCD9, representative of recent Korean BCoVs, was compared with the Korean vaccine strain BC94. KCD9 showed cross-reactivity against BC94 by virus neutralization (VN) test. These results suggest that BC94 is antigenically closely related to field isolates and is still effective as a vaccine strain.
Adult ; Animals ; Asparagine ; Cattle ; Coronavirus, Bovine ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Lysine ; Proteins ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sequence Analysis ; Sprains and Strains ; Viruses