Objective To investigate the effects ofShipi-Gushen-Huayu Recipe on the expressions of collagen I, laminin(LN), transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)andα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)in adriamycin-induced renal fibrosis in rats.Methods A total of male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 10 rats in each group: a normal group, a model group, a treatment group and a fosinopril sodium group. Except the rats in the normal group, the rest rats were subjected to renal fibrosisvia tail intravenous injection of adriamycin(4 mg/kg). Two weeks after modeling, the rats in the rreatment group and in the fosinopril sodium group were intragastrically administrated daily withShipi-Gushen-Huayu Recipe extract(43 g/kg)and fosinopril solution(2 mg/kg), respectively,both in the normal group and model group with saline. After 30 days, 24-hours urine protein were determined, and the expressions of collagen I, LN, TGF-β1 andα-SMA in kidney tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry staining.Results The expressions of collagen I(24.64±0.67vs. 32.86±0.88), LN(18.71±0.72vs. 28.35±0.87), TGF-β1(14.71±0.68vs. 18.35±0.96)andα-SMA(17.64±0.74vs. 25.86±0.85)in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group(allP<0.01). The expressions of collagen I, LN, TGF-β1 andα-SMA in the fosinopril sodium group were 27.33±0.73, 20.44±0.81, 15.44±0.85 and 19.33±0.77, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the expressions of collagen I, LN, TGF-β1 andα-SMA in the treatment group and in the fosinopril sodium group.ConclusionShipi-Gushen-Huayu Recipe can significantly down regulate the expressions of collagen I, LN, TGF-β1 andα-SMA in adriamycin-induced renal fibrosis in rats.

Objectives To investigate the incidence of brain injuri in premature infants in ten hospitals of seven large cities in China sponsored by the Subspecialty Group of Neonatology of Pediatric Society, China Medical Association. Methods All premature infants with gestational age less than 37 weeks in ten hospitals were given routine cranial ultrasound within three days of birth, and then repeated every 3-7 days till the discharge from the hospital during January 2005 to August 2006. Results Incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and severe IVH were 10.8% (406/3 768) and 2.4% (92/3 768) with 22.6% (92/406) for grade 1, 54.7% (222/406) for grade 2, 17.2% (70/406) for grade 3 and 5.4% (22/406) for grade 4 in nine hospitals; incidence of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cystic PVL were 2.3% (112/4 933) and 0.3% (16/4 933) with 85.7% (96/112) for grade 1, 12.5% (14/112) for grade 2, and 1.8% (2/112) for grade 3 including all ten hospitals, respectively. Risk factors associated with increased severity of IVH were vaginal delivery (OR = 1.874, 95% CI = 1.172 - 2.997, P < 0.01), perinatal asphyxia (OR = 1.598, 95% CI = 1.077 - 2.372, P < 0.05), mechanical ventilation (OR = 3.988, 95% CI= 2.448 -6.948, P< 0.01), and amniotic fluid contamination (OR = 2.192, 95% CI = 1.054 - 4.544, P< 0.05). Risk factors that might result in the development of cystic PVL were vaginal delivery (OR = 1.400, 95% CI = 1.186 - 1.652, P < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (OR = 3.000, 95% CI = 1.015 - 8.864, P < 0.05). Conclusions These data reflect basically the prevalence of brain injuriy in premature infants in major cities of China. However, more than 60% of population lives in the rural area, further multicenter investigation including the rural area is expected to be undertaken in future.

We studied the effects of several medicinal insects on biosynthesis of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture. The results showed that the medicinal insect, Catharsius molossus at 5 g/L significantly promoted the biosynthesis of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of G. lucidum, and compared with control, IPS and EPS yields markedly enhanced from (1.93 +/- 0.09) g/L to (2.41 +/- 0.12) g/L and (520.3 +/- 20.2) mg/L to (608.9 +/- 20.2) mg/L, respectively (P < 0.05). Both IPS and EPS consisted of five kinds of components, and IPS-1 and EPS-1 were the major components of IPS and EPS, respectively. Further separation studies showed that IPS-1 was made up of three single compounds, while EPS-1 was made up of two single compounds. There were no new components in both IPS and EPS obtained from G lucidum in submerged culture by the addition of the insect, C. molossus, suggesting the biosynthetic pathways of the major components of IPS and EPS had not been changed.
Animals ; Cockroaches ; chemistry ; Culture Media ; chemistry ; Fermentation ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; Polysaccharides ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; Reishi ; growth & development ; metabolism

We studied the effects of Catharsius molossus (a Chinese medicinal insect) on the cell growth, fermentation kinetics of key bioactive substances and anti-cancer activity of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged fermentation. The results showed that C. molossus at all the tested concentrations had no stimulatory effect on the cell growth. However, addition of C. molossus at 5 g/L lead to significant effects on the fermentation kinetics of polysaccharides and triterpenoids of G lucidum, and at 7th day in fermentation process, the yields of polysaccharides and triterpenoids reached 2.81 g/L and 539.0 mg/L, respectively, while they were 2.25 g/L and 428.2 mg/L in control. In vivo anti-cancer studies showed that the inhibitory rates of control fermented G lucidum (CFG) and a combination of water extract from C. molossus and CFG on the developed tumor (Heps) in mice were 41.61% and 42.24%, respectively. Moreover, the inhibitory rate of the G lucidum fermented with C. molossus (GFC) reached 57.21%, which was enhanced 37.49%, compared to the inhibitory rate of the control fermented G lucidum. These results suggest that supplementation of C. molossus in submerged fermentation of G lucidum lead to a significant enhancement of the anti-cancer activity of cultured G lucidum.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; biosynthesis ; therapeutic use ; Cockroaches ; chemistry ; Culture Media ; chemistry ; Female ; Fermentation ; Liver Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Male ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Polysaccharides ; biosynthesis ; pharmacology ; Reishi ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Triterpenes ; metabolism ; pharmacology

ObjectiveTo search, appraise and summarize the best evidence of the diabetic foot assessment and provide a reference for the standardization of the clinical diabetic foot evaluation in China. MethodsOn the computer, the following websites as well as databases were searched: National Guideline Clearinghouse(NGC) of the USA, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario(RNAO), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence(NICE) of UK, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network(SIGN), New England Guidelines Group(NEGG), International Guidelines Network(IGN), American Center for Disease Control and Prevention(ACDC), World Council of Enterostomal therapists(WCET), Wound Ostomy Continence Nurses Society(WOCN), the International Working Group on Diabetic Foot(IWGDF), American Society for Wound Healing, American Diabetes Association(ADA), American Society for Vascular Surgery(ASVS), Society of Endocrinology of Chinese Medical Association, Clinical evidence, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Clinical Key, CINAHL, Best Practice, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, Medlive from January of 2010 to July of 2018 about all evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and systematic reviews on assessment of diabetic foot. Two researchers evaluated the quality of the articles and performed materials extraction, and extracted the evidence from the qualified articles. ResultsA total of 7 articles were included among which 6 were guidelines and 1 was systemic review. After analyzing them, 9 categories and 32 items of the best evidence contents about diabetic foot assessment were concluded. ConclusionsThis study summarizes the best evidence for assessment of diabetic foot and provide evidence basis for medical institutions to improve clinical practice of diabetic foot assessment. When applying the evidence into clinical practice, it is necessary to evaluate specific situations, consider patients' values and willingness and select targeted evidence accordingly.

Objective: To explore cyberbullying and risk factors of middle school students, and to provide a reference for cyberbullying prevention in school settings. Methods: A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 12 940 students from three junior high schools and four senior high schools in Yixing City of Jiangsu Province, China, to conduct a questionnaire survey from March 1 to May 31, 2019. The Chi -square test was performed to compare differences in the prevalence of cyberbullying among groups with different sociodemographic characteristics, and the multivariate Logistic regression model was employed to analyze the risk factors. A risk predictive nomogram model was constructed and then verified. Results: Middle school students were found to be victims of cyberbullying at a rate of 12.3%. The Logistic regression results showed that alcohol use ( OR =1.93), lack of emotional management ( OR =1.30), feeling unsafe ( OR =1.70), not trusting people ( OR =1.66), increased daily online time ( OR =1.39), higher frequency of using social software or websites ( OR =2.24), poor relationships with family members ( OR =1.46), parental neglect ( OR =1.50), class leadership ( OR =1.30) and poor relationships with classmates ( OR =1.34) were risk factors for middle school students who were victims of cyberbullying ( P <0.05). Based on these 10 independent risk factors, the nomogram prediction model, had good discrimination ( AUC =0.73). Conclusion Cyberbullying is common among middle school students. Internet use, parental neglect and class leadership all have an impact on cyberbullying.

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of smoking, emotional control, and family relationship on the association between relational bullying victimization and perpetration.Method:A total of 11 462 participants were included in the study. Mediating effect model was used to analyze the mediating effect of smoking, emotional control, and family relationship between relational bullying victimization and perpetration.Results:Family relationship (mediation effect value: 0.119, 95% CI: 0.075-0.165, mediation ratio: 8.5%) and smoking (mediation effect value: 0.061, 95% CI: 0.031-0.105, mediation ratio: 4.4%) constitute a separate mediating effect. Family relationship, emotional control, and smoking constitute a chain mediation effect (mediation effect value: 0.007, 95% CI: 0.003-0.013, mediation ratio: 0.5%); family relationship and smoking constitute a chain mediation effect (mediation effect value: 0.036, 95% CI: 0.020-0.056, mediation ratio: 2.6%); emotional control and smoking constitute a chain mediating effect (mediation effect value: 0.007, 95% CI: 0.003-0.013, mediation ratio: 0.5%). Conclusion:Smoking, emotional control, and family relationship partially mediate relational bullying victimization and perpetration.

Objective To retrieve and analyze the guidelines on diabetic foot offloading, and summarize the evidence of high quality guidelines, so as to provide reference for standardizing the offloading treatment of diabetic foot in China. MethodsThe clinical practice guidelines of diabetic foot in the major guideline networks, databases and professional association websites were retrieved by computer. Three researches evaluated the quality of the guidelines, and two researches extracted evidence from documents that met the quality criteria. ResultsA total of 7 guidelines were included, and 5 aspects, 30 recommendations were extracted, including comprehensive treatment, the principle of offloading, offloading of the plantar ulcer, offloading of the non-plantar ulcer, and the gap between the evidence and practice. ConclusionsThis study summarize the best evidence of the diabetic foot offloading therapy, and provides a reference for medical institution to develop appropriate procedures and standardize the practice of diabetic foot offloading therapy. Most of the interventions recommended in the guidelines come from relatively developed countries, but their application may be limited in less developed countries or regions. Therefore, it is urgent to explore offloading methods which have positive offloading effect as well as conform to our national conditions, and apply them to clinical practice gradually in order to improve the therapeutic effect of diabetic foot and improve prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To survey the residents for their understanding of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) in two hard hit provinces of China to facilitate the governmental decisions on strategies against the disease. METHODS: We invited the participants from Hubei and Henan Provinces of China for an internetbased survey starting from 12:00 on February 21, 2020 to 12:00 on February 23. The survey included the general conditions, KAP of COVID-19, psychological status and living conditions of the residents. RESULTS: The effective response rate of the questionnaire was 98.9%. The mean (P25, P75) age of the participants was 19 (16, 40) years, and 54.3% of them were students. Social media were the most important source of information concerning the pandemic of the respondents. The respondents had a high awareness of person-to-person transmission of the virus through the respiratory tract or droplets but showed a relatively low level of awareness of the population susceptible to COVID-19 and its specific symptoms. The results of multivariate analysis showed that women, undergraduate students (including college students) and higher degree holders had better knowledge of COVID-19 ( < 0.05); the proportion of respondents who expressed to have different levels of psychological stressed such as worry, anxiety and panic reached 77.2%; 16.7% of the responders considered psychological interventions necessary for their psychological conditions; 63.6% of the respondents confessed a bias against the people returning from Hubei and Henan provinces, while 22.4% worried that they might be biased because of their residence in Hubei and Henan. The rate of personal protective equipment shortage was as high as 69.4%; the rates of the responders who would "covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing", "properly use masks in accordance with regulations", "maintain proper hand hygiene ", "avoid gatherings with relatives and friends" and "refrain from going to public places" were 92.4%, 95.9%, 93.5%, 88.8% and 93.1%, respectively. Women and groups with good knowledge of the disease reported better protective behaviors against the diseases ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The residents in Hubei and Henan Provinces have generally good KAP related to COVID-19, and the online platforms plays a positive role to in circulating epidemic-related information. It is essential to further increase the supply of the protective materials and pay more attention to the mental health of the residents during the pandemic, and psychological counseling and psychological protection should be provided if necessary.
Attitude ; Betacoronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections ; Female ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral