Objective To investigate the status of the non-psychiatrist' s diagnostic and therapeutic ability of depression/anxiety disorders in 57 General Hospitals.Methods 1 152 non psychiatric clinicians in 57 general hospitals were surveyed.A custom-made questionnaire included the training of mental health-related knowledge which the general hospital physicians received and typical anxiety/depression case analysis.Results Among 1 521 non-psychiatric clinicians,596 (51.74％) clinicians participated the training of psychiatry,562 (48.78％) participated the training of medical psychology and 230(20.97％) clinicians participated the training of Healthy Psychology.In professional setting,59 (5.12％) clinicians participated the training of psychotherapy,255 (22.14％) clinicians had attended related academic symposiums.80(6.94％) clinicians believed that they understand the clinical display of anxiety/depression disorders,52 (4.51％) clinicians expressed the understanding of diagnostic criteria of anxiety/depression disorders and its treatments,while 44(3.82％) clinicians only possessed the knowledge of anxiety/depression disorder treatment.In the typical case analysis,it revealed that 794 (68.89％) clinicians made accurate diagnosis,458(57.68％)clinicians made a choice of medical treatment,764(96.22％) clinicians chose psychotherapy,29 (3.65％) clinicians applied physical therapy,while 438 (55.16％) clinicians combined drug therapy with one or more other therapeutic methods.Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the age(P=-0.093,Exp(B)=0.911)and work experience(P=-0.002,Exp(B) =1.080)significantly contribute to the diagnostic accuracy of non-psychiatrists.Conclusion The non-therapeutic psychiatric clinicians in general hospitals have certain basic knowledge of depression/anxiety disorders with lower level of diagnosis and treatment diagnosis and treatment.And there is bigger difference among different hospitals.

Objective To investigate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the schizophrenia cognition rating scale ( SCoRS) . Methods 112 cases of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder inpatients were recruited and assessed using the SCoRS( Chinese version) ,the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia (BACS) and personal and social performance scale(PSP). The principle component analysis,reliability analysis and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results Standardized Cronbach α = 0.964. All the 20 i-tems were significantly correlated. Except item 1 ,9,18,19 ( r=0. 830,0. 890,0. 871,0. 890) ,the interrater correlation coefficiency (ICC) of the rest of the items was over 0.9. The ICC of global rating scores between two raters was 0. 921. Factor analysis procedure identified three factors. Factor 1 reflected the neurocognitive state; factor 2 reflected the social cognitive state;and factor 3 mainly reflected the daily life function. The SCoRS rating scores were significantly correlated with the BACS and PSP scores. Conclusion The validity and reliability of SCoRS are acceptable. SCoRS is a useful tool for assessing the deficits of the cognitive function for Chinese schizophrenia patients.

Objective To explore the effect of mediastinal drainage on the treatment for intra -thoracic anastomotic leak in esophageal cancer patients after esophagectomy .Methods One hundred and thirty -four e-sophageal cancer patients underwent esophagectomy and a mediastinal drainage tube was routinely placed intro -operatively ( observation group ) .Other 150 esophageal cancer patients underwent esophagectomy without mediasti -nal drainage were retrospectively set as control group .The following factors in the two groups were compared:in-cidence of anastomotic leak,and mortality rate,incidence of respiratory failure,incisional infection,rate and dura-tion of moderate or high fever ( T≥38℃) , duration of antibiotic use , duration of anastomotic leak healing and length of hospital stay of anastomotic leak patients .Results There was no significant difference in incidence rate of anastomotic leak between observation and control groups .There was no death ,no respiratory failure in observa-tion group;rate of chest incisional infection in observation group was 18.2%(2/11).Mortality rate,respiratory failure rate and chest incisional infection rate in control group were 33.3%(3/9)、44.4%(4/9)and 77.8%(7/9)respectively.Incidence and duration of moderate or high fever (36.4%and 2.3 ±1.2d respectively)in obser-vation group were significantly lower than those in control group (100 % and 8.6 ±2.3 d respectively)(P<0.05).Duration of antibiotic use,duration of leak healing and length of hospitalization (9.6 ±3.2 d,23.6 ±5.5 d and 22.6 ±5.7 d respectively)were significantly shorter than those in control group (21.3 ±6.8 d,38.3 ±8.4 d and 38.5 ±9.6 d,P<0.05)respectively).Conclusion Although mediastinal drainage could not prevent anasto-motic leak in patients underwent esophagectomy ,it could definitely decrease death and respiratory failure resulted from anastomotic leak .Mediastinal drainage could also decrease severity of intrathoracic infection caused by anas -tomotic leak and shorten the duration of leak healing .

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the event related potential(ERP) P300 and analyze brain network connections in patients with first-episode depressions.Methods P300 auditory oddball task were administrated on twenty-nine patients and twenty-five healthy controls.The P300 amplitude and latency of two groups were compared,and the brain network connectivity of the two groups were analyzed using Granger's Causality analysis.Results The P300 amplitude in depression group were significantly different from those in control group (C3 of the central regions(15.77±7.35) μV vs (20.90±7.82)μV;C4 of the central regions(16.98±7.21) μV vs (22.11±7.50) μV;P3 of the parietal regions(15.65±6.92) μV vs (19.49±5.73) μV;P4 of the parietal(16.35± 6.46) μV vs P4(19.72±5.18) μV;P=0.009,P=0.007,P=0.017,P=0.024 respectively).However,the P300 latency had no significant difference comparing to the controls(P＞0.05).The results also showed that patients had more connections in the brain network.Conclusion As an effective evaluation index,ERP P300 can play an important role in clinical diagnosis of depression.Patients suffering from depression have significant cognition function deficit.

The glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( rodent nomencla-ture GLT-1:glutamate transporter 1), which is a predominantly astroglial glutamate transporter in the hippocampus and the pre-frontal cortex , is responsible for the majority of extracellular glu-tamate uptake .The glutamate transporter EAAT 2 can decrease the high levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft , avoiding gluta-matergic excitotoxicity to damage the glial cells and neurons . Currently, the transporter EAAT2 has become a research hotspot of depression .This article aims to summarize roles of glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the occurrence and treatment of depres-sion.

Objective To investigate the effects of ceftriaxone on depressive-like behavior and changes of hippocampal glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in C57 mice depression model,and to further explore the molecular mechanism of ceftriaxone on antidepressant action.Methods Thirty male C57 mice were randomly divided into control group(group A,n=10),CUS group(group B,n=10) and CUS+ceftriaxone group(group C,n=10).The mice of the CUS group and the CUS+ceftriaxone group were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 2 sessions per day for 21 days.Then,the mice of the CUS+ceftriaxone group were given ceftriaxone for 21 days.Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference test and open field test.The GLT-1 protein levels in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot analysis at the end of the ceftriaxone treatment.Results (1) Compared with the control group,the percentage of sucrose preference,the total traveled distance,the moved velocity,and the frequencies of rearing of the CUS group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05) at the 21 days.However,the percentage of sucrose preference ((78.74 ± 3.54) ％),the total traveled distance ((6818.35 ± 505.14) cm),the moved velocity((12.36±0.89) cm/s),and the frequencies of rearing(58.20±4.05) of the CUS+ceftriaxone group at the end of the ceftriaxone treatment were improved significantly compared with the CUS group ((59.46 ± 2.75) ％,(2931.71±271.89) cm,(5.84±0.42) cm/s,(26.20±2.62),P＜0.05).(2) Western blot analysis indicated significant reductions of the GLT-1 protein levels in the hippocampus of CUS group (versus the control mice:P ＜0.05),and chronic ceftriaxone treatment reversed the CUS-induced decrease in the GLT-1 levels(P＜0.05).Conclusion Ceftriaxone might significantly improve depressive-like behavior in C57 mice depression model.Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) could down-regulate the GLT-1 protein levels in the hippocampus,which are reversed by ceftriaxone.These results further support the notion enhanced expression of the GLT-1 protcin can be molecular mechanism of ceftriaxone on antidepressant action.

Objective To investigate the effect of quetiapine (QUE) on the memory and doublecortin (DCX) expression in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice with cuprizone (CPZ)-induced schizophrenia in C57BL/ 6 mice.Methods 1％ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle to dissolve QUE.Three group of mice,16 in each of three groups,were treated with vehicle (control group),0.2％ CPZ alone (CPZ group) or 0.2％ CPZ combined with 10 mg· kg-1 · d-1 QUE (QUE+CPZ group) for six weeks,respectively.Spatial working memory was evaluated by Y-type maze test 24 hours after the completion of the treatment period.The number of DCX positivenew neurons was calculated by immunofluorescence staining assay.The expression of Notch1 and Hes1 mRNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.Results (1) Y-maze test:CPZ group achieved a much lower percentage of correct alternation than control group ((22.70±6.70) ％ vs (57.69 ±6.70)％) in Y-maze test (P＜0.05).The percentage of correct alternation in CPZ + QUE group ((54.69± 10.06) ％) was significantly increased compared with CPZ group (P＜0.01).CPZ mice exhibited significant spatial working memory impairment.(2) Immunofluorescence staining:the number of DCX-positive cells in the hippocampus of the CPZ group (6342.85± 1801.72) was significantly decreased compared with that in control group (19428.57±2507.13) (P＜0.01),and it was reversed by QUE intervention (15928.57±2049.97).(3) RT-PCR:the Notch1 and Hes1 mRNA expression in CPZ group were significant lower than that in sham and CPZ + QUE group,(Notch1 (0.97±0.29) vs (0.23±0.20),P＜0.01);Hes1 (1.00±0.41) vs (0.38±0.30),P＜0.01),and there was no significant difference between sham group and CPZ + QUE group.Conclusion QUE is helpful to relieve CPZ-induced cognitive impairment and decreases expression of DCX in hippocampal,which may be related with activation of Notch1 pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects of different duration of fluoxetine and escitalopram administration on depressive-like behavior and hippocampal BDNF expression in adult rats.Methods Ninety-six SD rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: (1)M 1 group: normal control for one week, (2)M2 group: CUMS +saline for one week, (3)M3 group: CUMS+fluoxetine for one week, (4) M4 group: CUMS+escitalopram for one week, (5) M5 group : normal control for two weeks, (6) M6 group : CUMS+ saline for two weeks, (7) M7 group : CUMS+fluoxetine for two weeks, (8)M8 group: CUMS+escitalopram for two weeks, (9)M9 group: normal control for three weeks,(10) M10 group: CUMS+saline for three weeks, (11)M11 group: CUMS+fluoxetine for three weeks, (12) M8 group: CUMS+escitalopram for three weeks.After CUMS procedures,rats in M2 group,M6 group and M10 group were injected with saline, M3 group, M7 group and M11 group were injected with fluoxetine, and rats in M4 group,M8 group,M12 group were injected with escitalopram.After one week of intervention,the openfield test and 1％ sucrose preference test were performed to evaluate depression-like behaviors in rats of M1 group, M2 group,M3 group and M4 group.After behavior test,rats were sacrificed and the hippocampi were isolated.The expression of BDNFmRNA was detected by using real-time quantitative PCR.After two weeks of intervention, rats in M5 group,M6 group, M7 group and M8 group underwent the same behavioral.After three weeks of intervention, rats in M9 group, M10 group, M11 group and M12 group underwent the same behavioral test.Results In the open-field test,total distance travelled in 10 minutes was significant difference among the following groups: M1 group ((3925.70±322.32) cm) vs M3 group ((1841.85±786.33) cm) ,M6 group ((1820.31±296.00) cm) vs M8 group ((4002.72± 1447.19) cm), M10 ((1961.66±919.16) cm) group vs M11 group ((3741.72± 1064.46)cm) ,M10 group ((1961.66±919.16) cm) vs M12 group ((4280.43±1187.05) cm).In the 1％ sucrose preference test,the difference of sucrose preference consumption was statistically significant (P＜0.05) among the following groups: M2 group ((56.23±7.49)％) vs M4 group ((70.55±4.96)％), M6 group ((60.22±8.81)％) vs M8 group ((75.08±4.15)％) ,M10 group ((60.26±7.20)％) vs M11 group ((73.88±7.73)％) ,M10 group ((60.26 ± ±7.20)％) vs M12 group ((73.52±7.58)％).The expression level of BDNF was significant difference among these groups: M2 group (0.66±0.14) vs M4 group (1.15±0.20) ,M10 group (0.90±0.15) vs M11 group (1.22± 0.09) ,M10 group (0.90±0.15) vs M12 group (1.48±0.20).Conclusion Both of fluoxetine and escitalopram can improve depression-like behaviors in rats and significantly increase the expression of the hippocampal BDNFmRNA.Compared with fluoxetine,escitalopram has a shorter onset time in the treatment of depression.It may be related with a rapid increase of the expression of BDNF mRNA.

Aim To investigate the effects of fluoxe-tine on the changes of of protein levels of GLT-1 in pre-frontal cortex in rat depression model, and to further explore the molecular mechanism of antidepressant ac-tion of fluoxetine. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, chronic unpredictable stress ( CUS) group, and CUS+fluoxetine group. The rats of CUS group and CUS+flu-oxetine group were subjected to CUS for 2 sessions per day for 35 days. Then, the rats of the CUS+fluoxetine group were given fluoxetine for 28 days. Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference and open field tests. The GLT-1 protein levels in the pre-frontal cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis at the end of the fluoxetine treatment. Results ( 1 ) Compared with the control group,sucrose preference, total traveling distance, ve-locity and frequencies of rearing were reduced in the CUS group ( P < 0. 01 ) . These behavioral changes could be reversed after 28 day fluoxetine treatment. (2 ) Immunohistochemistry assay indicated weak im-munoreactivity for GLT-1 in the prefrontal cortex of CUS group ( versus the control rats: P <0. 01 ); the immunoreactivity for GLT-1 of the fluoxetine-treated rats was significantly up-regulated compared with the CUS group rats ( P<0. 01 ) . ( 3 ) Western blot analy-sis indicated significant reductions of GLT-1 in the pre-frontal cortex of CUS group ( versus the control rats:P<0. 01 ) , and chronic fluoxetine treatment reversed the CUS-induced decrease in GLT-1 levels ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusions Chronic unpredictable stress ( CUS ) could down-regulate the GLT-1 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex, which is reversed by fluoxe-tine. These results further support the notion that en-hanced expression of the GLT-1 protein could be mo-lecular mechanism of fluoxetine antidepressant effect.