Objective Our purpose was to observe the renal pathological changes in the mouse modells of adriamy -cin-induced nephropathy in different periods .Method 48 healthy male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group and model group .The model group received a disposable tail vein injection of adriamycin 10.5 mg/kg body weight , and the control group received the same amount of saline .24-hour urinary protein , serum biochemical indexes and kidney pathological changes were dynamically observed for 12 weeks.Results Proteinuria of model mice appeared in the 2th week after ADR injection, which lasted to the end of the 12-week experiment, At the 8th week, the amount of urine protein reached a peak (P<0.05);The serum albumin was decreased at the 4th week, cholesterol was increased at 8th week.At the end of experiment, serum creatinine was also increased (P<0.05).Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) was observed in model mice at the 4th week;the lesions in renal tissues at 8th weeks were more serious than that at 4th weeks, but glomerular sclerosis was unconspicuous .Focal segmental glomerulonephritis ( FSGS) was seen at the 12th week.The GSI of the model mice was(2.81 ±0.84)%, significantly higher than that of the control mice ((0.33 ±0.21)%) at 12th week(P<0.01).Conclusions A mouse model with adriamycin-induced-nephrosis can be successfully established by a disposable tail vein injection of adriamycin in a dose of 10.5 mg/kg body weight .The early manifest ation of this model is MCNS, and at a late stage , it may be changed into FSGS .

Objective To verify the application value of the Oxford classification in child IgA nephropathy (IgAN) .Methods The clinical and pathological data by renal biospy in 123 children patients with IgAN from January 2010 to September 2013 were collected and retrospectively analyzed .84 cases were followed up .The results were divided into 4 grades(A ,B ,C ,D) based on the manifestations at the end of follow‐up .Finally the pathological analysis was performed .Results Among 123 cases ,the clinical man‐ifestations were dominated by nephrotic syndrome (42 .28% ) ,followed by hematuria complicating proteinuria (24 .39% ) .The scores of 4 pathological indexes were dominated by M 1 (82 .11% ) ,E1 (53 .66% ) ,S0 (59 .35% ) and T0 (82 .11% ) respectively ;the mesangial cells proliferation and endocapillary proliferation were related with the hematuria severity (P<0 .01);mesangial cells pro‐liferation ,endocapillary proliferation and renal tubule atrophy/interstitial fibrosis were related with the edema occurrence ( P<0 .05);the mesangial cells proliferation ,segmental glomerulosclerosis and renal tubule atrophy/interstitial fibrosis were related with the average arterial pressure increase(P<0 .05) .4 pathological indexes were related with 24 h urinary protein amount(P<0 .01);the segmental glomerulosclerosis and renal tubule atrophy/interstitial fibrosis were related with the decrease of the estimated glo‐merular filtration rate(P<0 .01) .84 cases were successfully followed up ,the clinical outcome was grade A in 43 cases(51 .19% ) , grade B in 30 cases(31 .71% ) ,grade C in 8 cases(9 .52% ) and grade D in 3 cases(3 .57% ) .Only the renal tubule atrophy/intersti‐tial fibrosis was related with prognosis(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The Oxford classification has certain relation with clinical indexes of children with IgAN .Only the renal tubule atrophy/interstitial fibrosis are the risk factors of prognosis .

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) combined with hypercoagulability in children. Methods The clinical data of 57 children with primary PNS were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical features and treatment were compared among high coagulation state group, non high coagulation state group and control group (20 children). At the same time, the differences between the simple nephrotic syndrome group (SNS) and nephritic syndrome group (NNS) in hypercoagulable state were analyzed. In addition, the correlation analysis was performed. Results Among 57 patients, there were 50 patients in high coagulation state group and 7 in non high coagulation state group. There was no significant difference in gender, age and clinical manifestations between two groups (P>0.05). The platelet (PLT) count, platelet aggregation (PCT), albumin (Alb), fibrinogen (Fib), D-dimer (D2) were significantly higher than those in the control group, and there were statistically significant differences (P all<0.01). There were significant differences in the levels of PLT, Fib, D2 and complement C4 between hypercoagulable state group and non hypercoagulable state group (P all<0.05). There were significant differences in HCT, TC, LDL, PT and complement C3 levels between SNS group (n = 32) and NNS group (n =18) in 50 patients with high coagulation state (P<0.05). There was positive correlation between HCT and complement C3 (r=0.30, P<0.05), while there was no correlation between PLT and other indices (P>0.05). All of the 57 patients were improved and has no thrombosis after the treatment. Conclusion Children with primary PNS were usually associated with different degrees of hypercoagulable state, and PLT, Fib, D2 could be used as reference indices for the severity of hypercoagulable state, and the activation of complement system might be related to the occurrence and development of hypercoagulable state.

Objective To provide a reference for early detection and diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome(NCS) by analyzing the clinical features of children with NCS in different age groups and different gender groups.Methods Data of 112 children with simple NCS diagnosed at the Department of Nephrology of Chongqing Children's Hospital from January 2008 to January 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.Follow-up was conducted.Results In children with NCS,71 girls accounted for 63.4％,mainly in preschool age(82.4％,28 cases);41 boys accounted for 36.6％,mainly in school age(48.5％,8 cases) and adolescence(42.2％,7 cases).Fifty-one point two percent (21/41 cases) of boys presented with both hematuria and proteinuria after activities,60.6％ (43/59 cases) of girls presented with isolated hematuria after activities,while 46.7％ (21/45 cases) children in adolescence were most likely to appear lumbar and abdominal pain after activities,and the incidence of boys(63.2％,12 cases) was higher than girls (34.6％,9 cases),and the differences above were all statistically significant (x2 =6.939,P ＜ 0.05).The 24-hour urinary protein level in adolescent group was significantly higher than that in 2 groups of younger children,and the male children[0.09 (0.02-0.21) g/d] in this group were significantly higher than that in female children[0.06 (0.01-0.21) g/d] (x2 =6.48,P ＜ 0.05).The detection rate of CT angiography (CTA) (95.7 ％,67/70 cases) was significantly higher than that of color Doppler ultrasound (82.4％,75/91 cases),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =6.721,P ＜ 0.05).Children with NCS in adolescence had smaller aortomesenteric angles (AMA) and larger ratios of the internal diameter of left renal vein(LRV) 's dilation part (a) to the stenosis part(b) (a/b) than those in preschool age and school age,and the difference was statistically significant (F =4.797,P ＜ 0.05).By follow-up of 96 cases for 3 months-7 years,there were 51 cases(58.0％) whose urine was back to normal in 88 cases who had reexamination of urine,and among the 54 patients who underwent color doppler ultrasound,25 cases(46.3％) showed relief of LRV compression.Conclusions There are more girls with NCS than boys,and girls are mainly in preschool age and always present with isolated hematuria,while boys are mainly in school age and adolescence and always presented with both hematuria and proteinuria.Children in adolescence were most likely to appear lumbar and abdominal pain,and boys have a higher incidence rate than girls.Children in school age and adolescence have the relatively higher quantitation level of proteinuria,and the smaller AMA and the larger a/b ratio,the more serious compression of LRV,and it's especially obvious in adolescence.

Objective:To analyze the feasibility of developing clinical pediatrics curriculum for pediatric students at the pre-clinical stage, and to provide a basis for the subsequent curriculum construction.Methods:A total of 90 pediatric medical students were enrolled, including pre-clinical group (G1, third semester of the second year, n=47) and the clinical clerkship group (G2, seventh semester of the fourth year, n=43). A questionnaire survey was conducted to compare the two groups from three aspects: clinical interest, learning methods and learning ability. And 24 and 20 students were randomly selected from the two groups to participate a clinical course respectively. Both of the formative evaluation and in-class test were carried out to compare the learning performance and learning effect between G1 and G2. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis. The counting data were described by case number and rate, and the frequency between groups was compared by chi-square test. When the chi-square test condition is not met, Fisher's exact test was performed. Normal distribution test was carried out for measurement data. Two independent sample t test was conducted for the comparison between groups of normal distribution data and Mann-Whitney U test for the comparison between groups of skewed distribution respectively. Results:There was no significant difference in clinical interest and pre-clinical interest between the two groups (Fisher's exact probability method, P=0.252, 1.000). There were partial differences in learning methods: G1 spent more time learning after class ( Z=-2.36, P=0.018), learned more in spare time ( Z=2.53, P=0.011), learned more on the homework ( P=0.020), and had a higher preview rate ( Z=-5.07, P < 0.001). There were also partial differences in learning ability: G2 had better literature retrieval ability ( χ2=10.57, P=0.001); G2 had higher scores on class and extended class performance ( t=-3.18, P=0.004; t=-10.14, P<0.001). In terms of learning effect, G2 scored higher scores on only one multiple choice question ( t=-2.46, P=0.022). Conclusion:The pediatrics students at the pre-clinical stage have certain interest and ability to receive clinical pediatrics courses. Sufficient pre-class preparation and appropriate curriculum design are helpful to the early cultivation of student's clinical thinking.

Objective: To analyze the clinical features, etiological distribution and drug sensitivity of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) complicated with urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. Methods: The clinical data and etiological characteristics of 221 PNS patients complicated with UTI were retrospectively analyzed, who were hospitalized from January 2008 to December 2017 in the Department of Nephrology, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Results: The PNS patients complicated with UTI were mainly preschoolers (129/221 cases, 58.4%). The incidence of relapsed PNS with UTI (134/822 cases, 16.3%) was higher than that of initial PNS with UTI (87/1 663 cases, 5.2%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=83.200, P<0.05). The clinical manifestation was mainly present with asymptomatic bacteriuria (173/221 cases, 78.3%). The proportions of relapsed PNS (112/173 cases) and using prednisone and/or immunosuppressant(126/173 cases) in asymptomatic UTI group were respectively significantly higher than those of the symptomatic UTI group (22/48 cases and 27/48 cases, respectively), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=5.627, 4.850, all P<0.05). The incidence of recurrent UTI (RUTI)was 13.1% (29/221 cases). Compared with initial UTI group, RUTI group had longer course [(9.3±3.5) months vs.(4.4±3.7) months, t=9.427, P<0.05], and significantly higher proportions of relapsed PNS (29/29 cases vs.105/192 cases, P<0.05), using prednisone and/or immunosuppressant (26/29 cases vs.127/192 cases), decreased hemoglobin(Hb)(14/29 cases vs.51/192 cases) and complement C₃ (14/29 cases vs.31/192 cases) and higher abnormal rate of urinary system (7/29 cases vs.6/192 cases) (χ²=5.480, 5.721, 16.039, 20.094, all P<0.05). Gram-negative bacteria were the dominant pathogens (174/263 cases, 66.1%), and Escherichia coli was the main bacteria (54/263 cases, 20.5%). The proportions of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs) producing bacteria were significantly higher in RUTI group than those in initial UTI group(26/62 cases, 11/62 cases, 21/62 cases vs.28/201 cases, 15/201 cases, 15/201 cases)(χ²=22.776, 5.620, 27.970, all P<0.05). The drug sensitivity test indicated that gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to Amikacin, Meropenem, and Piperacillin/Tazobactam, and gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to Vancomycin, Linezolid and Teicoplanin. Conclusions Preschoolers with PNS and relapsed PNS are prone to UTI.The clinical manifestation of UTI was mainly presented with asymptomatic bacteriuria.UTI should be considered when children with PNS relapsed.PNS with longer course, anemia, decreased complement, and urinary system abnormity may be more likely to develop RUTI.Gram-negative bacteria were the dominant pathogens.Escherichia coli was the main bacteria with high drug resistance and ESBLs producing bacteria may be more common in RUTI.Piperacillin/Tazobactam could be the first choice of empirical antimicrobial agents for PNS complicated with UTI.

Objective: To establish the pathological grades of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis(HSPN) in children with diagnostic prediction models by stepwise Fisher discriminant in children. Methods: Based on the investigation of 28 clinical indicators from 144 cases with HSPN came from Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, the sensitive indicators were found and stepwise Fisher discriminant model was established and its accuracy in predicting the pathological classification of HSPN was tested. Results: There were 5 laboratory indicators and clinical manifestations with different pathological grades of HSPN.In children with pathological grade Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, 5 indicators were screened (P<0.05) and stepwise Fisher discriminant models were established.And the correct rate of comprehensive diagnosis was (61.371±8.740)% in 100 random sampling diagnostic simulations; in children with pathological grade Ⅲa and Ⅲb, 5 indicators were also screened (P<0.05) and stepwise Fisher discriminant models were established.And the correct rate of comprehensive diagnosis was (68.015±5.736)% in 100 random sampling diagnostic simulations. Conclusions The stepwise Fisher discriminant models established in this research have a better diagnostic accuracy in forecasting for pathological grade of HSPN, and have a certain guiding value on early treatment and prognosis evaluation of children with newly diagnosed HSPN.

Objective: To systematically analyze the risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), in order to provide scientific evidence for clinical prevention. Methods: Eight databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database and Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database were retrieved for the case-control studies on PNS complicated with UTI in children.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible studies were selected for meta-analysis by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: Finally, 12 case-control studies were included, 917 children in the case group and 2 784 children in the control group.Compared with children without UTI, statistically significant difference existed in children with UTI of elevated 24-hour urine protein [standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.45, 95% CI: 0.02-0.88], decreased serum albumin (SMD=-1.06, 95%CI: -1.14--0.97), elevated serum cholesterol [weighted mean difference (MD)=2.28, 95%CI: 1.61-2.95], elevated serum low density lipoprotein (SMD=0.57, 95%CI: 0.37-0.77), decreased plasma IgG (SMD=-0.76, 95%CI: -0.94 to-0.58), elevated plasma IgM (MD=0.28, 95%CI: 0.11-0.46), high-dose hormone (MD=0.75, 95%CI: 0.58-0.92), and long time hormone use[<15 d odds ratio (OR)=-0.20, 95%CI: 0.10-0.42; ≥15 d OR=5.00, 95%CI: 2.38-10.50]. Conclusions Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolemia, high level of low density lipoprotein, decreased plasma IgG, high-dose hormone and long time hormone use are risk factors for UTI in children with PNS.

Objective To investigate whether follicular helper T(Tfh) cells were involved in the development of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura(HSP) and Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura nephritis(HSPN) in chil-dren through affecting CD40/CD40L axis. Methods Fifty-five subjects were enrolled in this study and di-vided into four groups as follows:22 children with HSP but without renal involvement(Group A),11 chil-dren with HSPN presenting with microhematuria(Group B),11 children with HSPN presenting with micro-hematuria and proteinuria (Group C) and 11 healthy children (control group). Flow cytometry was per-formed to detect the percentages of CD19+B cells and their subsets,CD19+B cells and CD19+CD38+B cells secreting different Ig classes,CD19+CD40+B cells and their subsets and Tfh cells expressing CD40 ligand (CD40L). Results Compared with the control group,the percentages of CD19+CD86+B,CD19+CD138+B and CD40L+Tfh cells significantly increased in Group C(P<0.05) and slightly increased in Groups A and B (P>0.05). No significant difference in the percentages of CD19+B cells, CD19+CD27+B cells, CD19+B cells or CD19+CD38+B cells expressing IgG, IgM, IgD, CD19+B cells or CD19+B cell subsets secreting CD40 was found between the control group and Groups A,B and C(P>0.05). Moreover,the percentages of CD19+B and CD19+CD38+B cells secreting IgA and IgE in Groups A,B and C were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). Secretion of IgA by CD19+B and CD19+CD38+B cells were positively correla-ted with the expression of CD40L by Tfh cells(P<0.05). Conclusion Tfh cell-mediated abnormal expres-sion of CD40/CD40L might play an important role in the development of HSP and be related to the clinical severity of renal involvement in HSPN.

Objective To explore the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Method The clinical data of 313 VLBW newborns aged under 3 days from January 2012 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the improved KDIGO standard of neonatal AKI, the difference between AKI (group AKI) and non AKI (group NAKI) newborns was compared, and the risk factors of AKI and mortality of AKI infants were analyzed. Results In the 313 VLBW infants, 126 had AKI and the incidence rate was 40.3％. There were 53 cases at stage 1 (42.1％), 43 cases at stage 2 (34.1％), and 30 cases at stage 3 (23.8％). Compared with NAKI group, patients in AKI group were lower in gestational age, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar score, critical score and mean arterial pressure. Furthermore, AKI group was higher in mother's age, incidence of premature rupture of membranes and respiratory failure. Also, white blood cells number and procalcitonin level were higher; albumin and sodium levels were lower; more cases had invasive mechanical ventilation after birth; time of mechanical ventilation was longer; mortality were higher in AKI group. There were statistically differences (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age, respiratory failure and invasive mechanical ventilation at birth were independent risk factors for AKI in VLBW infants. More severe acidosis and associated pulmonary hemorrhage at admission were the independent risk factors for the death caused by AKI in children. Conclusions Short gestational age, respiratory failure, and invasive mechanical ventilation at birth significantly increased the risk of AKI in VLBW infants. The more severe metabolic acidosis and pulmonary hemorrhage increased the risk of death in AKI children .