Nowadays,one of the most challenging aspects of retinoblastoma (RB) therapy is how to control the resistant or recurrent viable vitreous seeds,for which intravenous chemotherapy appears to be ineffective.Recently,intravitreal chemotherapy offers another option to control advanced stage and vitreous seeds of RB,and may be a promising new approach to RB therapy.However,intravitreal injection for RB patients raises considerable controversy due to concerns of possible extraocular extension along the injection route,and should not replace the primary standard of care for bilateral RB or group E eyes of RB.Close follow-up and further studies are needed to determine appropriate indications,to determine the effective drugs and concentrations,to optimize RB therapy protocols and to investigate the relationship between long-term efficacy and toxicities.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the association of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)promoter-308A/G polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)susceptibility in East Asian population based on the meta-analysis. Methods We searched all the publications about the association between TNF-α promoter -308A/G polymorphism and RA in East Asian population from PubMed, Ebsco, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), and Wanfang (Chinese). Meta-analysis was performed for genotypes AA versus GG, GA versus GG, AA versus GG+GA,GA+AA versus GG, and A allele versus G allele in a fixed/random effect model. Results A total of 4 studies (957 cases and 1196 controls)were included in the current meta-analysis(three Chinese and one Japanese studies). When all groups were pooled, significant association of A allele and decreased RA risk was found (OR=0.36, 95%CI=0.16～0.80, P=0.01). When analyses were limited to race homogeneous population,significant association of A allele and decreased RA risk was found in Chinese population(OR=0.40, 95%CI=0.16～1.01, P=0.05). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrates significant negative association between TNF-α promoter-308A/G polymorphism and RA in East Asian and Chinese population.

Objective To explore the relationship between preoperative serum pro-adrenomedullin (pro-ADM) in the patients with closed rupture of small intestine,and postoperative secondary abdominal infection,and to study the value of postoperative serum pro-ADM in assessment of severity of postoperative secondary abdominal infection of this patients.Methods Eighty-five patients with closed rupture of small intestine treated in the emergency surgery from June 2014 to May 2015 were selected.According to the presence of postoperative abdominal infection or not,these patients were divided into infection group and non-infection group.The infection group was further divided into SIRS,sepsis,severe sepsis,septic shock subgroups as per the severity of infection.The levels of serum pro-ADM,interleukin-6 (IL-6),C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score was calculated at admission and the first day、the second day and the third day after operation.Comparisons of these biomarkers were carried out to find out the factors associated with postoperative abdominal infection.In addition,ROC curve was used to verify the factors for predicting the abdominal infection of these patients after operation.The relationship between serum levels of pro-ADM and APACHE Ⅱ score after operation was analyzed.The severity of abdominal infection after operation was assessed with laboratory findings.Results Compared with non-infection group,preoperative and postoperative serum pro-ADM (P =0.03,P ＜ 0.01),IL-6 (P =0.02,P ＜0.01) levels and APACHE Ⅱ scores (P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.01) were significantly higher in infection group (P ＜ 0.05).In the infection groups,the postoperative levels of serum pro-ADM and APACHE Ⅱ scores were increased with the severity of infection increased (r =0.924),and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05),but there were no significant differences in IL-6 and CRP levels between two groups.Conclusion (1) The serum levels of pro-ADM before operation has value in predicting the genesis of abdominal infection in these patients after operation.(2) The serum levels of pro-ADM after operation has value in severity assessment of abdominal infection in these patients after operation.

Objective:To explore the relationship between tobacco smoking and liver cancer risk.Methods:Cohort studies of cigarette smoking and risk of liver cancer were identified by searching MEDLINE and CBM databases from January 1989 to September 2009. Results from individual studies were combined synthetically by Meta analysis using R software and Meta package. Results:A total of 19 articles were included in our analysis. The cohort totally included 3 023 558 followed-up persons and 9 525 cases of liver cancer patients. The pooled relative risk (RR) of liver cancer was 1.49 (95%CI: 1.17-1.92) for smokers compared with non-smokers. The results showed a statistically moderate association between tobacco smoking and the risk of liver cancer. Subgroup analysis indicated that the pooled RRs for smoking were 1.53(95%CI : 1.29-1.83)for male smokers and 1.70(95%CI :1.17-2.48)for female smokers, respectively.Conclusion:Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for liver cancer in both males and females.

Objective To analyze the stress state of magnetic attachment in mandibular complete overdenture supported by nature roots and implant, and to provide neference for designing of clinical prosthodentics. Methods Three-dimensional finite models (model,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)of three groups of mandibular overdentures depending on the different location of the implant and natural tooth root, placing three pairs of magnetic attachment, were constructed by application of CT scanning,computer photo processing system,and Solidworks finite element model building software.The natural teeth and implant neck bone stress of the models in three groups under different stress were calculated and compared.Results The stress of the bone around the implant in the area of molar teeth in model with both sides of the implants under oblique load (Model Ⅱ)was significantly increased compared with the model with one side of the implant (Model Ⅲ). The supporting bone stress of oblique load was increased compared with the vertical load;among them under the oblique load at one side’ s molar teeth, the stress of the bone around the implant in the area of molar teeth in modelⅠ,modelⅡ and model Ⅲ was increased about 30%, 43%,and 55%.Conclusion When there only one nature teeth remain,two implants should be at least added, one in the area of opposite cuspid, and the other in the area of molar teeth of the same side. The magnetic attachment is better than other kinds of attachment in preventing the damage of abutment when it suffers inclined load.

Objective To investigate the relationship between diffusion time and diffusion tensor-derived parameters. Method Diffusion tensor data sets were obtained from 11 healthy volunteers using 8 different levels of diffusion time while keeping the diffusion sensitive gradient magnetic field strength fixed. Diffusion tensor-derived parameters with variant diffusion time for six regions of interest were calculated and compared. Result There was statistically significant difference in mean diffusivity (MD) of variant diffusion time (P0.05). Conclusion There is no diffusion time dependent in FA, but MD are diffusion time dependent. The reason may be attributed to the difference of the diffusion properties between the intra- and extra-cellular water molecules.

Light, auxin and brassinosteroid play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic analysis has demonstrated complex interactions between their signaling pathways, but the gene regulatory mechanisms connecting these pathways are poorly understood. CYP72B1 and AUR3 are two important genes responsive to light, auxin and brassinosteroid at transcription level. To understand the regulation mechanism of the two genes, a new tool called OCMMat was developed for identifying cis-elements, OCMMat combines both the over-representation property of regulatory elements in co-expressed genes and the conservation property in orthologous genes, for the latter, it was estimated by an enrichment score of regulatory element in orthologous promoter sequences. Using this tool, 3 regulatory motifs shared by genes CYP72B1 and AUR3 were reported, motif GAGACA which is the same as a known cis-element AuxRE, motif AAGAAAAA containing the sequence of GT element and the third ATCATG which is a new one named EDIB element. The space and the order of AAGAAAAA and EDIB show the same pattern in promoters of both the co-expressed genes and the orthologs of CYP72B1. Based on the sequence analysis and the literature knowledge to date, a model was proposed for describing the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of CYP72B1 and AUR3 in response to light, auxin and brassinosteroid. The model presents how the signaling pathways of light, auxin and brassinosteroid are interplaying at gene transcription level. In response to light, the transcription factors GT factor and an unknown protein repress the expression of CYP72B1 and AUR3, the hormone pathways are not interfered and thus work in their own way. While in the absence of light stimulation, CYP72B1 and AUR3 are expressed and the products, in turn, inhibit both the auxin pathway and the brassinosteroid pathways. On the other side, at high hormone level, gene expression is up-regulated through ARF binding, the gene products inhibit the hormone pathways in a feedback manner, and meanwhile, rescues the light signal through the photoreceptor phyB.

AIM: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on renal injury induced by lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mice and its relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress response.METHODS: Healthy SPF male C57BL/6J mice, weighing 20~24 g, aged 8~10 weeks, were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10 each): sham operation group (sham group), I/R group, atipamezole (Atip) group, DEX group, and DEX+Atip group.In vivo lung I/R model was established by occlusion of the left pulmonary artery for 30 min followed by 180 min of reperfusion in the mice.The Atip (250 μg/kg), DEX (20 μg/kg) and DEX+Atip were intraperitoneally infused into the mice before left pulmonary hilus was blocked in Atip group, DEX group and DEX+Atip group, and other operations were the same as I/R group.After experiment, the mice were killed, and the renal tissues were harvested to observe the morphological changes.The enzymatic activity of caspase-3, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, and cell apoptotic index of the renal cells were also analyzed.The expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), caspase-12, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homdogous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) at mRNA and protein levels in the renal tissues was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot.RESULTS: Compared with sham group, the enzymatic activity of caspase-3, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, renal cell apoptotic index, and the mRNA and protein levels of JNK, caspase-12, CHOP and GRP78 in I/R group were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the renal tissues had obvious damage under light microscope.Compared with I/R group, Atip group and DEX+Atip group, the enzymatic activity of caspase-3, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, renal cell apoptotic index, and the mRNA and protein levels of JNK, caspase-12 and CHOP in DEX group were significantly decreased, and the expression level of GRP78 significantly increased (P<0.01).Furthermore, the renal tissue damage was obvious reduced.CONCLUSION: DEX effectively relieves the renal injury induced by lung I/R in mice, which may be associated with exciting α2-adrenergic receptor and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress response.

AIM: To explore the effects of glucocorticoids on fracture healing in a rat model of tibial fracture. METHODS: Sixty three months old female SD rats were divided into control and glucocorticoid-treated group. A glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis model was established by intramuscular injection of prednisolone acetate (5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) for 3 weeks), in which the tibial was osteotomized by a wire saw as fracture healing model and internal fixed with a Kirschner pin. The rats were scarified at different time points after operation. The callus formation was monitored over a period of 6 weeks by histological method, bone mineral density (BMD) detection and biomechanical examination. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of type II collagen. RESULTS: A glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis model was successfully established and conformed by BMD measurement. The formation of primary callus was observed in both groups 3 days after fracture. At 2 weeks after injury, the glucocorticoid-treated group had a lower BMD and less cartilage matrix as compared to control group. An increase in bone callus and chondrogenesis was observed at 4 to 6 weeks after fracture in glucocorticoid-treated group as compared to control group. The expression of type II collagen was delayed in glucocorticoid-treated group. Biomechanical measurement showed that the actual maximum load was increased by 35.8% in control group as compared to glucocorticoid-treated group at 6th week. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that chondrogenesis and transformation from cartilage callus to bony callus are delayed by glucocorticoids. The retardation of collagen Ⅱ production may be the reason for the inhibition of fracture healing.

Objective To compar the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow between empty sella syndrome (ESS) and normal volunteer in the cerebral aqueduct with MRI in phase contrast cine mode. Methods Thirty-eight ESS patients (ESS group) and 38 normal volunteers (control group ) were involved in this study.The aqueduct CSF flow image was positioned perpendicularly to the midbrain aqueduct at the middle sagittal T1WI or T2WI image. The waveforms were analyzed for the flow direction, flow rate, flow volume rate and cardiac cycle. Results The CSF flow of the aqueduct in control group and ESS group had two directions which was downward flow during the systolic period and upward flow during the diastolic period of the cardiac cycle. The.systolic period downward peak flow rate, diastolic period upward peak flow rate, mean downward flow rate, mean upward flow rate and mean flow rate were (5.231 ± 0.262), (4.902 ± 0.281 ),(3.083 ± 0.191 ), (3.032 ± 0.151 ), (3.151 ± 0.162) cm/s in control group, and (6.244 ± 0.356), (6.091 ±0.430), (3.916 ± 0.196), (3.812 ± 0.273 ), (3.690 ± 0.291 ) cm/s in ESS group respectively,and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ). The systolic period downward peak flow volume rate, diastolic period upward peak flow volume rate, mean downward flow volume rate,mean upward flow volume rate and mean flow volume rate were (0.050 ± 0.003 ), (0.050 ± 0.004), (0.030± 0.002), (0.031 ±0.002), (0.030 ± 0.003 ), ( 0.004 ± 0.001 )ml/s in control group, and (0.058 ± 0.003 ), (0.063 ± 0.005),(0.039 ±0.002), (0.038 ±0.003), (0.038 ±0.003), (0.004 ±0.001) ml/s in ESS group respectively,and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P ＞ 0.05 ). The correspond cardiac cycle of systolic period downward peak flow rate, correspond cardiac cycle of diastolic period upward peak flow rate, mean cardiac cycle were (40.890 ± 37.096), (501.026 ± 19.374), (719.511 ± 14.946) ms in control group,and (35.921 ±6.218), (531.553 ± 16.764), (770.700 ±21.579) ms in ESS group,and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05 ). Conclusion Part of CSF flows into the area of saddle in ESS patients, but it has no effect on CSF indexes in area of cerebral aqueduct.