Scientific research training program is an important component in the 8-year medical education program. It focuses on the training of scientific research thinking and research methods. It is necessary to establish an effective evaluation system in order to achieve the learning outcomes of scientific research training program. PUMC has established an effective evaluation system which involves research project selecting,supervising,formative assessment,oral defense. This paper introduces the evaluation system of scientific research training program at PUMC.

Objective To characterize the nasal resonance of children with spastic cerebral palsy by comparing it with that of ordinary school-age children.Methods The mean nasalance scores (MNSs) of 90 normal school-age children and 62 school-age children with spastic cerebral palsy were measured and compared.Results (1) Age has significant effects on the MNS of/a/,/i/and/m/ in ordinary children,but has almost no effect on the MNS of/u/.The MNS of/a/,/i/,/u/ and/m/ in children with spastic cerebral palsy does not change with age.(2) Sex only has a significant relationship with the MNS of/i/ in ordinary children,but does not significantly predict the other MNSs.(3) The MNS of/a/ of children with spastic cerebral palsy is significantly lower than that of ordinary children,and their MNS of/i/ and /u/ is significantly greater than those of ordinary children.Conclusions The MNS of /a/,/i/and /u/first increases and then decreases with age in ordinary children,while the MNS of/m/ increases gradually.Children with spastic cerebral palsy did not show the same trends and demonstrated a state of retardation of nasal resonance.Children with spastic cerebral palsy are more likely to display hypernasality than ordinary children.

SUMMARY National Institutes of Health (NIH) released the biomedical research project NIH Roadmap Initiatives, including 3 themes, new pathways to discovery,research teams of the future,and re-engineering the clinical research enterprise. The purpose of the project is to catalyze to transform our new scientific knowledge into tangible benefits for people. Now,Mostly of the Project have begin to carry into practice.

Adult ; Altitude ; Arteries ; metabolism ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; blood ; Humans ; beta-Endorphin ; blood

The purpose of the study is to construct R8 peptide (RRRRRRRR) and pH sensitive polyethylene glycols (PEG) co-modified liposomes (Cl-Lip) and utilize them in breast cancer treatment. The co-modified liposomes were prepared with soybean phospholipid, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG2K-R8 and PEG5K-Hz-PE (pH sensitive PEG). The size and zeta potential of Cl-Lip were also characterized. The in vitro experiment demonstrated that the Cl-Lip had high serum stability in 50% fetal bovine serum. The cellular uptake of Cl-Lip under different pre-incubated conditions was evaluated on 4T1 cells. And the endocytosis pathway, lysosome escape ability and tumor spheroid penetration ability were also evaluated. The results showed the particle size of the Cl-Lip was (110.4 ± 5.2) nm, PDI of the Cl-Lip was 0.207 ± 0.039 and zeta potential of the Cl-Lip was (-3.46 ± 0.05) mV. The cellular uptake of Cl-Lip on 4T1 cells was pH sensitive, as the cellular uptake of Cl-Lip pre-incubated in pH 6.0 was higher than that of pH 7.4 under each time point. The main endocytosis pathways of Cl-Lip under pH 6.0 were micropinocytosis and energy-dependent pathway. At the same time, the Cl-Lip with pre-incubation in pH 6.0 had high lysosome escape ability and high tumor spheroid penetration ability. All the above results demonstrated that the Cl-Lip we constructed had high pH sensitivity and is a promising drug delivery system.
Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell-Penetrating Peptides ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Cholesterol ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Liposomes ; Mice ; Oligopeptides ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Phospholipids ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols

OBJECTIVEThis research aims to study the changes in pain threshold and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model oftrigeminal neuralgia.

METHODSA total of 36 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: operative, sham-operative, and control. In the operative group, a chronic constriction injury (CCI) was caused by placing loose chromic gut ligatures around the right infraorbital nerve (ION). In the sham-operative group, the right ION was subjected to the same procedure, but without ligation. In the control group, the right ION was not subjected to any treatment. The pain thresholds of the three groups were recorded at different times after the operation. The GDNF expression in each group was analyzed via immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTSAn allodynia to mechanical stimulation in the region of the ligated ION was observed starting on the 2nd week after operation. Pain thresholds started to increase gradually from the 6th week and returned to the original level at the 10th to 12th week after operation. Cells that expressed the GDNF markedly increased in number in the operative group with changes observed at different times.

CONCLUSIONWe use chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) to establish a trigeminal neuralgia-like animal model in SD rats. GDNF may play a role in regulating pain by promoting the restoration and regeneration of nerve fibers.

Animals ; Constriction ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factors ; Hyperalgesia ; Male ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Aim To observe the effects of liver cirrho-sis on the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1 ) and ColⅠin rat myocardium and interven-tion of erythropoietin ( EPO ) . Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dasley rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group, liver cirrhosis group and EPO group, then the cardic hemodynamic parameters in vivo and levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) as well as creatine kinase isoenzyme ( CK-MB) were measured. With Masson′s trichrome stain, changes of collagen formation of myocardial tissue in different groups were observed. Also the mRNA ex-pressions of TGF-β1 and ColⅠin myocardium were de-tected by RT-PCR. Results In contrast to control group, rats in liver cirrhosis group showed a decline in systolic and diastolic function of left ventricule, rising myocardial enzyme, a distinct increase of cardiac colla-gen deposition, as well as an elevation of TGF-β1 and ColⅠmRNA expressions. In contrast to liver cirrhosis group, rats in EPO group demonstrated an improve-ment in systolic and diastolic function of left ventricule as well as in cardiac collagen deposition, and a de-crease in both myocardial enzyme and TGF-β1 and ColⅠmRNA expressions. Conclusion Liver cirrhosis can lead to the changes of myocardial structure and function in rats,and it can accelerate myocardial inter-stitial fibrosis; EPO can protect the myocardial injury in liver cirrhosis rats.

AIM: To investigate the role of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in the cardioprotection by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) and its relationship to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). METHODS: Intraventricular balloon technique was employed to measure the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), the maximum rise/fall rate of left ventricular pressure (?dp/dt_ max ), and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in Langendorff isolated rat heart. The hypoxia was achieved by ligation of left anterior coronary artery for 30 min followed by release of ligation for 120 min as reoxygenation. Hypoxic preconditioning was set as two episodes of 5 min global hypoxia and 5 min reoxygenation. RESULTS: Both HPC and treatment with ruthenium red (5 ?mol/L) during the first 10 min reoxygenation improved recovery of LVDP, ?dp/dt_ max and decreased LVEDP, which was associated with reduced infarct size and lactate dyhydrogenase release. These protective effects were attenuated by treatment with spermine (20 ?mol/L) during the first 10 min reoxygenation. Administration of cyclosporin A (0.2 ?mol/L) during the last 5 min of hypoxia period and first 15 min of reoxygenation period reduced the injury effect by spermine. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that inhibition of MCU is involved in the cardioprotection of HPC via inhibiting MPTP.

Objective To investigate the changes of serum osteocalcin and bone micro-structure in ovariectomized mice exposed to low-iron environment.Methods Twenty-four 12-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were divided equally into sham operation (SHAM) group,model(OVX) group,and low iron(OVX+DFO) group.In low-iron group,deferoxamine(DFO) was injected 3 times per week for 5 weeks after operation ; the other groups were injected with the same dose of 0.9％ normal saline for 5 weeks.The serum,left femur,uterus were harvested after five weeks of treatment.The serum osteocalcin and ferritin levels were measured by ELISA kit,the weight of the uterus was recorded by analytical balance.A high resolution micro-CT was used to scan the left femur for cortical bone and cancellous bone analysis.Results (1) The serum osteocalcin and serum ferritin levels in low-iron group were significantly lower than those in the other 2 groups (P＜0.01) ; (2) Compared with the sham group and ovx group,there were significant decrease of the BMD、BV/TV and Tb.N,but increase of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp in low-iron group (P＜0.01).Conclusion A certain dose of DFO (30 mg/kg) can decrease the serum ferritin levels as well as the bone formation index in ovariectomized mice.

AIM: To establish the method for determing four effective components in Qidan Capsules(total saponin of Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng,total phenolic acids of Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) by RPHPLC. METHODS: The contents of ginsenoside Rg1、ginsenoside Rb1,notoginsenoside R1 were simultaneously determined by an HPLC system with Lichrospher C18(150 mm ? 4. 6 mm,5 ?m). The mixture of acetonitrile and water was used as the mobile phase and the flow rate was 1. 0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm. The content of salvianolic acid B was determined by an HPLC system with Lichrospher C18 (150 mm ? 4. 6 mm,5 ?m). The mobile phase was (formic acid-water)-(methanol-acetonitrile) = 62 ∶ 38. Formic acid-water (1 ∶ 59),Methanol-acetonitrile (30 ∶ 10),and the flow rate was 1. 0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 286 nm. RESULTS: The linear ranges of notoginsenoside R1,ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Rb1 and salvianolic acid B were 0. 472 1 - 2. 832 ?g(r = 0. 999 5),1. 734 - 10. 404 ?g (r = 0. 999 9),1. 732 - 10. 392 ?g (r = 0. 999 9),0. 4 - 4. 0 ?g (r = 0. 999 9) respectively. The average recoveries (n = 5) were 100. 32% ,99. 965% , 100. 285% and 101. 4% ,corresponding RSD were 1. 01% ,2. 53% ,2. 46% and 1. 88% respectively. CON-CLUSION: The results indicate that the HPLC method is simple,highly selective and reproducible; thus it can be used in the determination of the four components in Qidan Capsule.