The paper proposed a concept to build a management system for operating room hidden costs in an effort to better hospital management and alleviate patients' economic burden.The authors analyzed the root of such costs from the levels of operating room's design and construction,as well as management and operations,proposing a framework of such hidden costs.Based on diversified cost characteristics,they come up with a number of estimating methods,and control methods against different hidden costs by using management theories systematically.

[ABSTRACT]AIM:Toinvestigatetheeffectofintracerebroventricular(icv)injectionofacidulatedartificialce-rebrospinal fluid ( aCSF ) on the respiratory reactions and the functions of acid sensing ion channels ( ASICs ) in this process.METHODS:Healthy adult SD rats (n=30) were divided into aCSF with pH 7.4 control group, aCSF with pH 6.5 group, amiloride control group, amiloride plus aCSF with pH 6.5 group, psalmotoxin 1 (PcTx1) control group and PcTx1 plus aCSF with pH 6.5 group.The electromyogram (EMG) of the diaphragm was monitored to observe the respirato-ry responses induced by icv injection of acidulated aCSF .The ASICs blockers were also injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle firstly and acidulated aCSF was injected following the ASICs blockers to observe the effect of ASICs on the respira -tory regulation by the central chemoreceptor .RESULTS:After icv injection of acidulated aCSF , the respiratory responses of the rats were excited (P<0.05).The respiratory excitation responses disappeared after icv injection of ASICs blocker amiloride.The degree of respiratory excitation was weakened after icv injection of ASIC 1a blockers-PcTx1.CONCLU-SION:ASICs play a key role in the respiratory regulation by the central chemoreceptor and ASIC 1a partly operates in this process.

0.05).Conclusion TP may have protective effects on chronical hypoxia induced polycythemia in rats.

Objective To investigate the changes of gut barrier function under glucocorticoid, so as to understand the reasons of gut-derived infection and bacteria infection.Methods Fifty-six Wistar rats were divided into control and methylprednisolone (Mep, 100 mg/kg, i.p., once every day) groups, and there were four time points in each group (0, 3, 5, 7 day). At each time point the rats were subjected to general anaesthesia and blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, enteric content and ileal tissue were obtained for determination of serum D-lactic, DAO, intestinal microecosystem, apoptosis index of mesenteric lymph nodes and bacterial culture. Results At the latter three time points, compared with control group, serum D-lactic and DAO, and apoptosis index of mesenteric lymph nodes in MeP group were significantly increased (P 0.05) from the day 3 after administration,the positive rate of organs bacterial culture in MeP groups at the No7 day is much higher than that in control group(P

Objective To study the influences of chitosan on swimming time, changes of blood glucose and lactic acid in mice. Methods The test groups were given chitosan by oral administration,and eighteen days later, the swimming time,blood glucose and lactic acid were determined. Results The swimming time of test groups was obviously longer than that of the control group.After thirty-minutes swimming, the elimination of blood lactic acid and the recover of blood glucose were distinctly faster than those of the control group. Conclusion Chitosan had anti-fatigue effect on mice.

Objective To investigate and evaluate a novel fluorotyping procedure for HLA-DRB1 locus. Methods On the basis of low resolutation SSP technique,the fluorogenic probe was used to establish the fluorotyping procedure of HLA-DRB1 which was carried out for 46 samples. Results The fluorotyping has been successful for all the 46 samples and was completely coincident to the SSP results.As compared to the serological typing of DR locus,the coincidence rate was 66.3%(61/92) whereas the coincidence rate of both the 2 specific genes was 43.5%(20/46). Conclusions Fluorotyping is accurate,sensitive,reproducible,depends less on manual manipulation and eliminates the problems related to contamination.

Objective To establish a satisfactory method of isolating,culturing and determining gut neural crest stem cells,which may provide theoretical basis for clinical application.Methods The guts of embryonic mice removed and dissociated were plated into serum-free DMEM/F12 medium.The mitogen-free DMEM/F12 medium supplementd with 10% fetal bovine serum was used to induce differentiation of GNCSCs.Neurospheres and their derivations were determined with immunocytochemical and immunofluorescent staning.Results Neurospheres were generated in the simplified serum-free medium.The staining results showed that enteric neurospheres were GNCSCs and could differentiate into neurons,glial cells and smooth muscle cells by serum-induction.Conclusion GNCSCs have the capacity of self-renewal and proliferation,and give rise to neurons,glial cells and myofibroblasts.

Earthquake is one of the sudden major natural disasters,with a serious threat to human life and property safety,and also an enormous challenge to public health security.During earthquake the collapse of the houses and falling of heavy objects often resulted in a large number of patients with spinal fractures,which would create different levels of spinal cord injury(SCI),contributing to permanent disability.Those are closely related to the first aid of spinal fractures,clinical treatment and comprehensive rehabilitation post-earthquake.However,after earthquake,how to reduce the degree of disabilities of SCI patients and to improve their quality of life is not only a medical problem,but also a social problem.

Central pain (CP) following spinal cord injury (SCI) challenges the health care community. A number of pain syndromes associated with SCI are based on the nature of the lesion, neurological structure damage and secondary pathophysiological changes. The hyperresponsiveness of neurons following SCI is the key factor of the mechanisms of CP. And several treatments have received some effects. So it is very important to study the mechanisms and therapies of CP.

Objective We discussed the optimal method for intestinal preparation before colonoscopy examination in order to increase the success rate of intestinal examination and reduce the incidence of adverse effect. Methods We divided 120 patients who were to undergo colonoscopy examination into group A, B and C with 40 cases in each group. Group A received oral magensium sulfate 100ml and 6000ml water after that on the morning of the examination. Group B received oral magensium sulfate 50ml and 2000ml in the evening before the examination, oral magensium sulfate 50ml and 400ml water on the morning of the examination. Group C was given oral magensium sulfate 100ml and 4000～5000 water at the same time. Group A and B took part in appropriate activity and were given health education. The effect of intestinal preparation was compared between the three groups. Results The cleaning degree of group B was better than those of the other two groups (P<0.05). The adverse effect of group B was less than that of group C (P<0.01). Conclusions Oral intake of magensium sulfate in the evening before and on the morning of the examination for intestinal preparation could increase the cleaning degree of intestine, facilitate the observation of disease part and lessen adverse effect. It gave satisfying examination results and made patients satisfied.