BACKGROUND:Sustained-release carriers of insulin shaped as microspheres made of different biomaterials have become an issue of concern. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the carrier materials and methods to prepare sustained-release microspheres of insulin. METHODS:Wanfang and PubMed databases were retrieved by computer for articles related to sustained-release carriers of insulin published from 1997 to 2015. The search terms were“insulin, control ed-release carrier, biomaterials”in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Natural biodegradable polymer materials are preferred to prepare sustained-release microspheres of insulin, including gelatin, alginate, chitosan and its derivatives. These natural materials have good biocompatibility, degradability, film-forming and microsphere-forming abilities. Synthetic biodegradable polymer materials as carrier materials can promote drug stability and effective utilization, and realize targeted drug delivery. According to different physicochemical properties of materials, sustained-release carriers of insulin that meet different requirements can be prepared using emulsion-chemical crosslinking, spray drying and solvent evaporation methods. This review provides new insight into the development of stable drug carriers.

Objective To establish the quality standard for Complex Prescription Kudouzi Capsules.Methods TLC was employed to identify Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.、Cassia obtusifolia L.and sophora alopecuroides L..The content of chrysophanol in Cassia obtusifolia L.was determined by HPLC.Results Spots obtained from the test solutions had the same color in reference solution and medical material in the same location,and the blank solution had no interference.The linear range of chrysophanol was 0.028 4 ～ 0.908 8 ?g,r =0.999 7(n =6),and the average recovery was 99.97%.Conclusion The characteristic of identification by TLC was highly specific,HPLC is accurate and reproducible,and they can be used effectively for the quality control of Complex Prescription Kudouzi Capsules.

Objective To introduce the clinical application and method of endoscopic harvesting the sural nerve in the carbon dioxide gas cavity. Methods 7 cases with peripheral nerve defect were involved, including 5 men and 2 women. The length of nerve defects ranged from 5 to 8 cm, all the nerve defects were repaired by autogenous sural nerve grafting. The sural nerve were removed from 9 calves in 7 cases. Along the course of the sural nerve in the proximal calf, a transverse 1.0 to 1.5 cm incision was done for endoscope approach, another transverse 0.5 to 1.0 cm incision was done lateral to the sural nerve for operation approach. Using abdominoscope system, the sural nerves were cut and removed smoothly in the cavities which were maintained the gas pressure 10 to 15 mm Hg with carbon dioxide insufflation. All the peripheral nerve defects of 7 cases were repaired as cable graft with harvested sural nerve. Results The length of nerve graft harvested from 30 to 42 cm in 9 calves. It took about 30 minutes to harvest the nerve in each side. There was no abvious injuries found by pathologic inspection. No carbonemia and air embolism occurred on patients during operating time, no complications of hypodermic pneumatosis and hematoma occurred on all cases. All patients followed up from 6 to 10 months, the function recovery of the nerves was good. The muscle power was obtained 2 to 4 grade, the sensation was obtained S3 to S4 grade. The function recovered as fast as the traditional operation of sural nerve transfer. Conclusion The method of endoscopic harvesting the sural nerve in the carbon dioxide gas cavity with minimal incision is easy to perform. Compared with the long longitudinal incision and multiple stair-step incision, the method can get less invasive and traumatic, and good aesthetic results. This technique deserves the doctor application in clinical work.

0.05). According to the HSS system, the score was 89.6 (range, 75-98) averagely one year after operation. No any complications occurred, such as necrosis of the incision, deep infection, the loosening and breakage of the internal fixator. Conclusion The technique with modified dual plating for the complex fractures of the tibial plateau provides satisfactory function of the knee, it has many advantages, such as stable and durable fixation, avoiding the replacement and change of the knee mechanics, as well as diminish the problems about the incision and soft tissue.

Objective To determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in brain after cerebral hypoxia / reoxygenation and the effects of preoxygenation with different concentrations of oxygen in rats.Methods Seventy-two male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups : group Ⅰ, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ ,and Ⅳ . Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups : a, b, c. Group Ⅰ a, Ⅱ a, Ⅲ a and Ⅳa were preoxygenated with 21 % O2 (Ⅰa), 50 % O2 (Ⅱ a) , 75 % O2 (Ⅲa) and 95 % O2 (Ⅳ a) for 30 min. GroupⅠ b-Ⅳb were subjected to hypoxia (5 % O2 ) for 20 min after preoxygenation. Group Ⅰc-Ⅳc were reoxygenation (98 % O2) for 20 min after preoxygenation and hypoxia. The animals were sacrificed 48 h after the experiment. Brains were immediately removed for microscopic examination and determination of iNOS expression in brain using immuno-histochemistry technique. Results The number of iNOS positive cells was significantly greater in hypoxia groups than that in preoxygenation groups ( P

Objective To evaluate the efficiency and safety of Percusurge guardwire distal protection system in coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods Three male patients with acute myocardial infarction were enrolled in the study. Primary angioplasty was performed for 2 of them, 2 and 7 hours after onset of the infarction symptom, respectively. Selective angioplasty was performed 17 days after infarction for the third case. Percusurge guardwire system was used during the procedure. Results Procedure success was achieved for all of the 3 cases. Lot of thrombus was sucked out. The infarct-related arteries had TIMI 3 flow at the end of the procedures. The patients′ symptoms were resolved soon after the procedure. Minor dissection was seen in one case which did not obstruct the distal flow and was left alone. Conclusion Percusurge guardwire system can be used safely and effectively in coronary intervention in the thrombus-laden arteries such as acute myocardial infarction.

Objective To investigate the effect of pigment epithelium- derived factor (PEDF) on p38MAPK-CREB pathway and the expression of fibronectin (FN) in human mesangial cells (HMCs) cultured with high glucose. Methods HMCs were treated with different concentrations of glucose and the osmotic control respectively in the presence or absence of PEDF for 24 h:normal glucose (5.6 mmol/L),24.4 mmol/L mannitol,high glucose (30 mmol/L),high glucose+PEDF(30 mmol/L glucose with 10 nmol/L PEDF,40 nmol/L PEDF or 100 nmol/L PEDF).After samples were collected,the expression of phospho-p38MAPK (p-p38) and p-CREB was assessed by Western blotting,while FN mRNA and protein expression was assessed with RT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Results In contrast to normal glucose and mannitol treatments,the expression of p-p38MAPK,p-CREB and FN increased significantly in high glucose group (all P＜ 0.01).However,PEDF abolished the up-regulation of p-p38MAPK,p-CREB and FN induced by high glucose (all P＜0.05). Conclusion PEDF may inhibit fibrosis through P38MAPK-CREB pathway in diabetic nephropathy.

Objective:To research the effect of the media on women's body image.Methods:The subjects were all from 2 colleges.The subjects of experiment 1 were 63 high and low trait social comparison female students.Among them,high trait social comparison subjects were 31 in the model image group,30 in the product image group.Low trait social comparison subjects were 30 in the model image group,32 were in the product image group.The subjects of experiment 2 were the total of 61 high trait social comparison female students.Among them,30 subjects were analyzed by similarity comparison,and 31 subjects received difference comparison.The instruments included advertisement pictures,body image states scale,the physical apperance comparion scale,and the consumer response questionnaire.Results:Analysis of variance showed that,in the model image level,the score of body image scale in high social comparison group was significantly higher than that in low social comparison group [(5.54±1.05)vs.(4.73±0.92),P<0.001].Regression analysis further showed that social comparison was moderator(ΔR~2= 0.035,P<0.01).For social comparisons mode,score of body image scale in difference comparison group was higher than that in similarity comparison group [(5.55±0.82)vs.(4.56±0.86),P<0.05].Conclusion:These findings suggested that social comparison can be used to prevent female college students' negative body images.

Child ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; complications ; diagnosis ; Male ; Priapism ; etiology ; surgery

Pneumoconiosis