Aconitum brachypodum is traditionally known to be toxic chinese medicie, but its chemical constituents is not enough studied to date. To further elucidate the chemical constituents of A. brachypodum, 80% ethanol extract of A. brachypodum collected from Dong-Chuan area was investigated, which led to isolation of seventeen compounds. By spectroscopic methods, their structures were determined as hypaconitine (1), mesaconitine (2), talatisamine (3), neoline (4), fuziline (5), aconine (6), bullatine A (7), lepeine (8), songrine (9), isocorydine (10), beta-sitosterol (11), daucosterol (12), stearic acid (13), triacontanol (14), palmitic acid (15), benzoic acid (16), and inosine (17), respectively. All compounds except for compounds 1 and 7 were isolated from A. brachypodum for the first time.
Aconitum ; chemistry ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Objective To investigate the mechanisms of astrocytes modulating neurons in rat supraoptic nucleus induced by hypotonic stimulation and the effect of 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide HCl(TAG,a antagonist for taurine) or carbenoxolone(CBX,a gap junction blocker)on the responses of astrocytes and neurons in SON.Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the control group was injected with 5.5ml/kg 0.9% NaCl solution into the caudal vein;the hypotonic group was injected with 5.5 ml/kg hypo-saline(0.83% glucose plus 0.3% NaCl);TAG + hypotonic and CBX + hypotonic groups were injected with TAG(100?mol/L) or CBX(10g/L) into the lateral ventricle respectively,and were injected 2 hours later with hypotonic saline into the caudal vein.With anti-Fos,anti-vasopressin(VP),anti-glycine receptor(GlyR),anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and anti-connexin43(Cx43) immunofluorescent staining methods,the responses of neurons and astrocytes in SON were studied.Results In control rats,Fos-,VP-,and GlyR-expression in the neurons and GFAP-or Cx43-expression in the astrocytes were lower.In hypotonic rats,GFAP-,Cx43-and GlyR signals were more than those in control rats,while Fos-and VP-signals were less.Compared with those in hypotonic rats in TAG + hypotonic or CBX + hypotonic rats,GFAP-and Cx43-signals in the astrocytes were the same,GlyR-signals in the neurons decreased,and Fos-and VP-signals increased.Conclusion Hypotonic stimulation activates SON astrocytes,which then release taurine through gap junction signaling to the neurons and inhibit the release of VP from the neurons.

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether hypertonic saline (HS) can induce the synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cell line.

METHODSAstrocytes were isolated, cultured, purified and identified from the hypothalamus of newborn rat (1 day). The astrocytes were randomly divided into five groups: isotonic (IS) and HS groups, astrocytes were incubated by IS and HS (320 mosM NaCl) medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min; carbenoxolone (CBX)+IS and CBX+HS groups, astrocytes were pre-treated with CBX (100 mmol/L) for 1 h at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO(2) / 95% atmosphere, then removed to IS and HS medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min; Ca(2+)+HS group, astrocytes were pre-incubated with Ca Ca(2+) (1,000 micromol/L) for 1 h at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO(2) / 95% atmosphere, followed by a wash with isotonic FBS/DMEM, and then removed to hypertonic saline for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min. The media of five groups were collected to analyze the medium glutamate concentration with high performance liquid chromatography. The astrocytes were fixed and double immunofluorescent stained with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-glutamate. The C6 cells were divided into four groups: IS, HS, CBX+IS and CBX+HS groups, and used for quantitative measurement of glutamate in cells by flow cytometry (FCM).

RESULTS(1) Anti-GFAP immunofluorescent signal revealed no significant difference among various time points in each group, or among the five groups. (2) The anti-glutamate immunofluorescent signal was increased in HS group and peaked at 5 min, and decreased and returned to the level of IS group at 15 min (P < 0.01 vs the 5 min of HS group). In CBX+HS group, the glutamate intensity was higher than that in CBX+IS and HS groups. (3) The medium glutamate concentration had no change after treatment with HS for 1 and 3 min, while increased markedly after treatment for 5 min to 15 min (P< 0.01 vs 1 min and 3 min). On the contrary, the medium glutamate concentrations in the CBX+HS or Ca(2+)+HS group were significant lower than that in the HS group (P < 0.01). (4) FCM showed HS and CBX+HS induced glutamate increase in C6 cells.

CONCLUSIONHS induced cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cells to synthesize and release glutamate; CBX could block glutamate release, but could not disrupt glutamate synthesis.

Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Astrocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Calcium ; pharmacology ; Carbenoxolone ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Hypothalamus ; cytology ; Rats ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; pharmacology ; Time Factors

Eight alkaloids were isolated from the thin sulfuric acid extracts of the fresh roots of Stephania dentifolia by aluminum oxide, silica and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography methods. Based on the spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence, the structures of these alkaloids were identified as sinoacutine (1), sinomenine (2), cephamonine (3), tetrahydropalmatine (4), capaurine (5), stepharanine (6), (+)-stepharine (7) and palmatine (8). All compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time.
Alkaloids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Stephania ; chemistry

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Solanum muricatum Ait.and their antioxidant activities.METHODS The 85%ethanol extract from S.muricatum was isolated and purified by silica gel,MCI,Sephadex LH-20,RP-C18,TLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity screening technology.RESULTS Twenty-five compounds were isolated and identified as caffeic acid(1),5-hydroxymaltol(2),4-methoxy-4-oxobutanoic acid(3),nicotinic acid(4),daucosterol(5),α-spinosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),susaroyside A(7),ferulic acid(8),p-coumaric acid(9),methyl caffeate(10),ethyl caffeate(11),4,4-dimethylheptanedioic acid(12),calycosin(13),trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene(14),24-methylenecycloartanol(15),oleic acid(16),ethyl oleate(17),β-sitosterol(18),citrostadienol(19),pentacosane(20),β-sitosterol palmitate(21),(E)-4-[5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl]but-3-en-2-one(22),5,5'-oxybis(5-methylene-2-furaldehyde)(23),(E)-4-(5-(methoxymethyl)furan-2-yl)but-3-en-2-one(24),1,5-bis(5-methoxymethyl)furan-2-yl-penta-1,4-dien-3-one(25).The antioxidant capacity of 85%ethanol extract from S.muricatum was stronger than that of water extract.In the 85%ethanol extract from S.muricatum,the antioxidant capacities of each polar segment were 30%methanol,methanol,60%methanol,and water in turn.CONCLUSION Compounds 1-7 and 9-25 are isolated from this plant for the first time.The extracts of S.muricatum with different solvents and different polar segments have certain antioxidant activities.

This study was designed to explore the effect and mechanism of miR-206/miR-613 on the expression of OATP1B1 gene. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the potential miRNAs target sites in 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of OATP1B1 mRNA. The expression level of miR-206/miR-613 and OATP1B1 mRNA and protein was determined with RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Luciferase assay was used to explore the exact mechanism of the effect of miR-206/miR-613 on the expression of OATP1B1 mRNA and protein. The results showed that the seed sequences of miR-206/miR-613 has perfect complementary with 3'-UTR of OATP1B1 mRNA in terms of sequence specificity. The secondary structure between miR-206/miR-613 and 3'-UTR of OATP1B1 mRNA was rather stable. The OATP1B1 protein level was down-regulated by 24.7%, 38.8% by overexpression of miR-206/miR-613. The expression was up-regulated by 25%, 38.2% by inhibition of miR-206/miR-613. However, overexpression or inhibition of miR-206/miR-613 had no effect on the expression of OATP1B1 mRNA. The luciferase activity of pMIR/OATP1B1-WT luciferase reporter gene was decreased by 35% and 30% through overexpression of miR-206/miR-613. The expression was increased by 33.1% and 32.5% through inhibition of miR-206/miR-613. When the binding sites in the 3'-UTR of OATP1B1 mRNA complementary with miR-206/miR-613 was mutated, overexpression or inhibition of miR-206/miR-613 had no effect on the luciferase activity. Collectively, miR-206/miR-613 post-transcriptionally regulates the expression of OATP1B1 protein by directly targeting the 3'-UTR of OATP1B1 mRNA.

Aim To investigate the effects of Kudino- side D on lipid accumulation induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL) and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) in RAW264.7 cells.Methods Foam cells were established by incubating the RAW264.7 cells with ox-LDL.The concentration of lipid droplets in the cells was observed by oil red staining, and the level of total cholesterol (TC) in cells was measured by enzyme method.The gene and protein expressions of scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-A1, ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and Gl ( ABCA1 and ABCGI) were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively.The expressions of inter- leukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (3 (IL-ip), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 ) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) were detected by ELISA and RT-qPCR.The protein expressions of mTOR and p-mTOR were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with model group, the high dose of Kudinoside D decreased the content of TC and down-regulated the gene and protein expression of SR-A induced by ox-LDL.Meanwhile Kudinoside D also decreased the levels of IL-ip and MCP-1 and down-regulated the protein expression of p-mTOR induced by LPS.Conclusions Kudinoside D may reduce the intracellular TC content by down-regulating the gene and protein expression of SR-A1.Kudinoside D may play an anti-inflammatory role through mTOR pathway.

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetic changes in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of bronchial asthma model rats after the complication of Ephedra sinica and Prunus armeniaca. METHODS SD male rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， E. sinica group （12 g/kg， calculated by raw drug， similarly hereinafter）， P. armeniaca group （6 g/kg） and E. sinica-P. armeniaca drug-pair group （12 g/kg of E. sinica+6 g/kg of P. armeniaca）， with 6 rats in each group. Except for the blank group， the bronchial asthma model was induced by spraying rats in each group with an equal volume mixture of 2% acetylcholine chloride and 0.4% histamine phosphate， once a day， for 7 d. One hour before modeling every time， rats in each group were gavaged with the corresponding drug/normal saline， once a day， for 7 d. After the final administration and provocation of asthma， blood and cerebrospinal fluid collection were performed at different time points. The plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples were pre-treated （with geranylgeranyl as the internal standard）， and the mass concentrations of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine， methyl ephedrine and amygdalin in both samples were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DAS 2.0 pharmacokinetic software was used to determine the main pharmacokinetic parameters through the non-atrial chamber model and to compare the changes of the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after the combination of the two drugs. RESULTS Compared with E. sinica group， cmax and AUC0-21.33 h （or AUC0-10.67 h） of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine and methyl ephedrine in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of rats were significantly reduced in E. sinica-P. armeniaca drug-pair group， while CLZ/F and VZ/F were significantly increased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； tmax of methyl ephedrine in the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly shortened （P＜ 0.05）.Compared with P. armeniaca group， the t1/2 of amygdalin in the plasma of rats in E. sinica-P. armeniaca drug-pair group was significantly shortened， and CLZ/F was significantly increased （P＜0.01）； the tmax of bitter amygdalin in the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly shortened， and the AUC0-10.67 h， CLZ/F， and VZ/F were significantly increased （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS The combination of E. sinica and P. armeniaca accelerates the absorption and elimination of ephedra alkaloids， thus reducing the accumulation of ephedra alkaloids in the bronchial asthma model rats.

BACKGROUND: Exploring the underlying mechanism of rituximab resistance is critical to improve the outcomes of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here, we tried to identify the effects of the axon guidance factor semaphorin-3F (SEMA3F) on rituximab resistance as well as its therapeutic value in DLBCL. METHODS: The effects of SEMA3F on the treatment response to rituximab were investigated by gain- or loss-of-function experiments. The role of the Hippo pathway in SEMA3F-mediated activity was explored. A xenograft mouse model generated by SEMA3F knockdown in cells was used to evaluate rituximab sensitivity and combined therapeutic effects. The prognostic value of SEMA3F and TAZ (WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1) was examined in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and human DLBCL specimens. RESULTS: We found that loss of SEMA3F was related to a poor prognosis in patients who received rituximab-based immunochemotherapy instead of chemotherapy regimen. Knockdown of SEMA3F significantly repressed the expression of CD20 and reduced the proapoptotic activity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity induced by rituximab. We further demonstrated that the Hippo pathway was involved in the SEMA3F-mediated regulation of CD20. Knockdown of SEMA3F expression induced the nuclear accumulation of TAZ and inhibited CD20 transcriptional levels via direct binding of the transcription factor TEAD2 and the CD20 promoter. Moreover, in patients with DLBCL, SEMA3F expression was negatively correlated with TAZ, and patients with SEMA3F low TAZ high had a limited benefit from a rituximab-based strategy. Specifically, treatment of DLBCL cells with rituximab and a YAP/TAZ inhibitor showed promising therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo . CONCLUSION Our study thus defined a previously unknown mechanism of SEMA3F-mediated rituximab resistance through TAZ activation in DLBCL and identified potential therapeutic targets in patients.
Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Rituximab/therapeutic use* ; Hippo Signaling Pathway ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology* ; Prognosis ; Semaphorins/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use* ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics*

The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, IrtAB, plays a vital role in the replication and viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), where its function is to import iron-loaded siderophores. Unusually, it adopts the canonical type IV exporter fold. Herein, we report the structure of unliganded Mtb IrtAB and its structure in complex with ATP, ADP, or ATP analogue (AMP-PNP) at resolutions ranging from 2.8 to 3.5 Å. The structure of IrtAB bound ATP-Mg2+ shows a "head-to-tail" dimer of nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), a closed amphipathic cavity within the transmembrane domains (TMDs), and a metal ion liganded to three histidine residues of IrtA in the cavity. Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) structures and ATP hydrolysis assays show that the NBD of IrtA has a higher affinity for nucleotides and increased ATPase activity compared with IrtB. Moreover, the metal ion located in the TM region of IrtA is critical for the stabilization of the conformation of IrtAB during the transport cycle. This study provides a structural basis to explain the ATP-driven conformational changes that occur in IrtAB.
Siderophores/metabolism* ; Iron/metabolism* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism* ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism* ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters