Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important kinases involved in the intracellular signaling transduction in mammalian. There are three major MAPK pathways: ERK/MAPK,JNK/SAPK and P38 MAPK. Current studies indicate that all of them play significant roles in the processing of pain especially in the development and maintenance of pathological pain. This review will focus on in the study of MAPK in pain modulation. The further insights into its mechanisms may highlight a nice prospect for the therapies of painful diseases.

Objective To evalute and compare the efficacy and safety of epinephrine-saline submu-cosal injection of different concentrations on endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD),and to discuss the best concentration of submucosal injection.Methods A total of 128 patients who underwent ESD were ran-domly assigned to submucosal normal saline injection group (group A,n =32),0.001% epinephrine-saline injection group (group B,n =32),0.002% epinephrine-saline injection group (group C,n =32),and 0.004% epinephrine-saline injection group (group D,n =32).The incidence of bleeding during and after ESD were counted,the blood preasure and heart rate of preoperative and intraoperative,the amount of sub-mucosal injection,the time of operation were observed.Results ESD was successfully performed on all pa-tients.There were no difference in highest blood preasure and fastest heart rate between preoperative and in-traoperative results of each group.No perforation or intraoperative acute massive bleeding occurred.Intraop-erative acute minimal bleeding during ESD occurred in 9 patients in group A and 3 in group B,2 in group C and 2 in group D (P <0.05),but there were no differences among group B,C and D.The amount of submu-cosal injection of group A was(39.5 ±10.8)ml,which was more than that of group B(29.4 ±9.4)ml,group C(27.3 ±8.2)ml and group D(20.4 ±11.8)ml with significant difference.There were no differences a-mong group B,C and D,but there was less in group D than group B.The operation time of group A was(82.3 ±24.78 minutes),which was longer than that of group B (60.7 ±25.35minutes),group C (54.7 ± 31.72minutes)and group D(59.2 ±28.49 minutes),but there was no difference among B,C and D group. Conclusion Epinephrine-saline submucosal injection assiting ESD is safe and effective and reduces the op-eration time and bleeding than normal saline.The increase of the epinephrine-saline concentrations has not been found to be more beneficial.

Objective The purpose of this study is to study the expression of miR -221 in cervical cancer tissues and its relationship with HPV infection .Methods HR-HPV infection was detected by HC2,and 30 cases of HR-HPV negative and 5 cases of HR-HPV positive cervical cancer tissues were collected .Mean-while,30 cases of normal cervical tissues in patients with benign disease were collected as control group .The ex-pression of miR -221was detected by RT -PCR,preliminarily investigating the relationship between miR -221 expression and the occurrence of cervical cancer and HPV infection .Through transfection of miR-221 and anti-miR-221 into HPV16-positive cervical carcinoma cell line Caski and HPV 16-negative cervical carcinoma cell line C33a,we observed the role of miR -221 on the migration and invasion of Caski cells and C 33a cells.Results Compared with normal cervical tissues , the expression of miR -221 in cervical cancer was significantly in-creased,the difference was statistically significant( P<0.01);and the expression of miR-221 was closely correl-ative to the patients with or without lymph node metastasis ,pathological grade and clinical stage ( P<0 .01 );the expression of miR-221 in HR-HPV positive cervical cancer tissues was higher than in HR -HPV negative cer-vical cancer tissues(P<0.01);transfection of miR -221 and anti-miR-221 could promote or downregulate C33 a and Caski cells migration and invasion ,and the changes between two groups had statistical significance ( P<0.05).Conclusion The increased expression of miR -221 in cervical cancer tissues is closely related to the oc-currence and development of cervical cancer and HPV infection .

OBJECTIVE To study the preventing methods through analyzing risk factors of nosocomial infection about intubating central vein after liver transplantation.METHODS From Oct 1995 to Oct 2003,1093 patients intubated central vein were retrospectively analyzed through routine germs and fungi culture in our department.From them 59 cases underwent liver transplantation,1034 cases underwent other operations.RESULTS Twenty nine cases with other operations were found nosocomial infection,the positive rate was 2.8%.Four cases with liver transplantation were found nosocomial infection,the positive rate was 6.8%.CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial infection rate in patients underwent intubating central vein after liver transplantation is evidently higher than others.

Objective:To obtain the high-efficiency expression of the biological active rabies virus nucleoprotein in the prokaryotic expression system.Methods:This experiment uses codon optimization technology to re-encode the nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus CTN-1 strain, artificially synthesize the full-length gene and clone it into pET-43.1a prokaryotic expression vector, induced expression in BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli( E. coli), and used Western blot to detect its reactogenicity. Results:The results showed that after induction, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis showed that an obvious expression band appeared at a molecular weight of 50×10 3, which was consistent with the expected protein band size. Among them, the E. coli concentration A600 is about 0.5, and the expression yield is the highest (about 32.3%) when induced at 37℃ for 5 h. Nucleoprotein expression product is mainly inclusion body when it is expressed in large quantities. After purification by Ni 2+ chelating chromatography, the purity of the target protein can reach over 95%. The purified product was identified by Western blot and positively reacted with the sera of mice immunized with rabies vaccine, indicating that the prokaryotic expression of the CTN-1 strain nucleoprotein has biological activity. Conclusions:This experiment successfully established a high-efficiency expression method for the nucleoprotein of the CTN-1 strain in the prokaryotic expression system, and obtained high-purity target protein, which provides a basis for further clinical diagnosis and preparation of new vaccines.

To study the effect of genistein on the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts(CF), CFs were cultured from neonatal rat hearts, DNA synthesis of the cells was determined by incorporation of ［3H］TdR into DNA, the cell cycle was measured by flow cytometric analysis. Genistein(0.5－50 μmol*L-1) attenuated 2.5% fetal calf serum-induced proliferation of CF in concentration-dependent manner. Genistein(50 μmol*L-1) arrested CF cell progression at G2/M phase. The results suggest that genistein be a potential substance for treatment of cardiac fibrosis.

OBJECTIVETo explore the characteristics of Chinese medicinal treatment on 302 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients of coronary heart disease and diabetes.

METHODData of CHF patients of coronary heart disease and diabetes hospitalized in 9 hospitals of Beijing and Tianjin from Jan. 2003 to Sep. 2006 were collected and their clinical syndromes, condition of treatment (both western and Chinese medicine) were investigated and analyzed using the data system of Chinese medicine clinical research for coronary heart disease.

RESULTIn the 302 patients, the intravenous perfusion were mainly injections of puerarin, Salvia mitrorrhiza, sanchi total saponin and fleabane. The Chinese medicinal treatment applied was mainly the methods of supplementing Qi, activating blood circulation, dissolving phlegm. In the apozem, hoelen is the highest frequency in all drugs and the frequency in order is hoelen, glycyrrhizae, Salvia mitrorrhiza, astragali, Rhizoma Pinelliae, etc.

CONCLUSIONThe patients of these 9 hospitals were mainly treated by integrative medicine and the Chinese medicinal treatment applied was mainly the methods of supplementing Qi, activating blood circulation, dissolving phlegm.

Aged ; Coronary Disease ; complications ; Diabetes Complications ; complications ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Heart Failure ; drug therapy ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the function of transferrin-DNA complex,transported by transferrin(Tf)and trans-arterial injection via interventional approach be the duel-target-orientated delivery and the transferring into malignant cells to get more effective therapy.Methods p53-LipofectAMINE ligand with different concentrations of Tf(0,10,25,50,100?g)transfected the 4 strains including LM6、Hep3B、YY and L02 in vitro to evaluate the gene transfeetion efficiency through western blot.Then,after setting up the VX2 hepatocarcinoma models,we delivered the Tf-p53-LipofeetAMINE complex into the hepatic arteries via interventional techniques to analyse the transfection efficiency in vivo.Results Tf,within the range of 10 100?g,could increase gene transfection efficiency mediated by liposome,and the efficiency increases with the raise of Tf concentration.Combination with interventional technique to inject Tf-DNA complex into tumor arteries,gene transfeetion efficiency was enhanced in rabbit models.Conclusion Tf can enhance gene- liposome transfection efficiency,furthermore with combination of interventional catheter technique,there would be a potential duel-target-orientated gene therapy method.(J Intervent Radiol,2007,16:99-103)

Objective:To analyze long-term therapeutic effect and safety of warfarin anticoagulant therapy of differ- ent intensity on aged patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methods:According to age,a total of 197 NVAF patients followed up for five years were divided into advanced aged group [n=65,≥80 (85.00±2.09) years],aged group [n=75,65-79 (76.50±2.27)years]and middle-aged group [n=57,<65 (57.40±2.18) years].All enrolled patients received long-term warfarin anticoagulant therapy,advanced aged group and aged group received low intensity anticoagulation,international normalized ratio (INR)was 1.6~2.5,while middle-aged group received standard intensity anticoagulation and the INR was 2.0~3.0. Thrombus events and incidence rates of hemorrhage etc.over five years were compared among three groups,and the safe dose range of warfarin was ex- plored.Results:During five-year follow-up,no acute cerebral infarction occurred in three groups.The bleeding and other adverse reaction among three groups were no significant difference (P>0.05).Compared with middle- aged group,there were significant reductions in warfarin dose [(3.29±0.49)mg/d vs.(2.95±0.38)mg/d,(2.85 ±0.49)mg/d],INR [(2.54±0.43)vs.(2.20±0.29),(2.16±0.32)]and CHA2DS2-VASc [(3.02±0.89) scores vs.(2.64±0.77)scores vs.(2.33±0.48)scores]in aged group and advanced aged group,P<0.01 all;but there were no significant difference between aged group and advanced aged group (P>0.05).There were no signif- icant difference in incidence rates of mild hemorrhage (21.1% vs.14.7% vs.24.6%)and severe hemorrhage (1.8% vs.1.3% vs.1.5%)among middle-aged group,aged group and advanced aged group,P>0.05 all.Conclu-sion:When INR is closely monitored,INR controlled within 1.6-2.5 warfarin anticoagulation is safe and effective for in aged patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Objective: To explore the clinical and echocardiography characteristics between noncompaction of ventricular myocardium (NVM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) combining hypertrabeculation in order to distinguish NVM from DCM.
Methods: Our research included 2 groups of patients: NVM group,n=31 and DCM combining hypertrabeculation group, n=50. The basic information as gender, age, family history, symptoms, ECG, plasma levels of BNP and echocardiography were recorded and examined in all patients; the size of cardiac chambers, myocardium, endocardium and hemodynamics were particularly focused. The trabeculation was analyzed by 17 segments method.
Results:①Compared with NVM group, the patients in DCM combining hypertrabeculation group had the worse cardiac classiifcation, higher plasma levels of BNP (P<0.05) and more obvious cardiac dilatation.②The patients in NVM group had the most trabeculation segments (9.82 ± 2.02) and the apical (17th segment) was involved, patients had the higher ratio of noncompacton/compaction (NC/C) as (2.84 ± 0.61), there were (4.12 ± 2.68) segments with NC/C > 2.③The patients in DCM combining hypertrabeculation group had the less trabeculation segments (5.56 ± 1.56) and the apical was seldom involved, patients had the lower ration of NC/C as (1.91± 0.42), there was at most 1 segment with NC/C > 2. All P<0.05.
Conclusion: Echocardiography is a simple, practical and noninvasive method to distinguish NVM from DCM. NVM could be diagnosed by obvious left ventricular apex involvement with NC/C >2 in at least 2 segments of free ventricular walls.