Objective:To investigate the risk factors of hematoma enlargement or rebleeding in the short term after decompressive craniectomy in patients with cerebral hemorrhage.Methods:The clinical data of 209 cerebral hemorrhage patients underwent decompressive craniectomy from January 2019 to October 2021 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University and Keqiao District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shaoxing City were retrospectively analyzed. According to the head CT result at the time of consultation and 24 h after the onset, the patients were divided into hematoma enlargement and rebleeding group (group A, 28 cases), hematoma enlargement group (group B, 47 cases), rebleeding groups (group C, 13 cases), non-hematoma enlargement and non-rebleeding group (group D, 121 cases). The gender, age, body mass index, time of first CT examination, first bleeding volume, admission Glasgow coma score (GCS), admission systolic pressures, admission diastolic pressure, admission activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), admission alanine aminotransferase (ALT), admission white blood cell count, hematoma site, broken into the ventricle, irregular hematoma, timing of operation, maximum body temperature of 24 h after admission, intraoperative hemostasis and unsatisfactory on postoperative blood pressure control were collected. Multifactor Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of hematoma enlargement or rebleeding in the short term after decompressive craniectomy in patients with cerebral hemorrhage.Results:There were no statistical difference in sex composition, age and body mass index among 4 groups ( P>0.05). The incidences of admission systolic pressures ≥140 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa), admission diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg, admission APTT≥37 s, admission ALT≥40 U/L, admission white blood cell count ≥10 × 10 9/L, admission GCS, maximum body temperature of 24 h after admission ≥ 37 ℃, first bleeding volume ≥ 60 ml, time of first CT examination ≥3 h, time from onset to operation ≥ 12 h, irregular hematoma, hematoma in the thalamus, broken into the ventricle, intraoperative hemostasis, unsatisfactory on postoperative blood pressure control in group A were significantly higher than those in group B, group C and group D: 92.86% (26/28) vs. 55.32% (26/47), 7/13 and 23.97% (29/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 51.06% (24/47), 6/13 and 17.36% (21/121); 92.86% (26/28) vs. 48.94% (23/47), 6/13 and 14.88% (18/121); 78.57% (22/28) vs. 42.55% (20/47), 5/13 and 16.53% (20/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 53.19% (25/47), 7/13 and 18.18% (22/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 57.45% (27/47), 7/13 and 23.14% (28/121); 92.86% (26/28) vs. 55.32% (26/47), 7/13 and 23.97% (29/121); 85.71% (24/28) vs. 48.94% (23/47), 6/13 and 16.53% (20/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 53.19% (25/47), 7/13 and 23.14% (28/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 44.68% (21/47), 6/13 and 17.36% (21/121); 96.43% (27/28) vs. 51.06% (24/47), 7/13 and 22.31% (27/121); 67.86% (19/28) vs. 46.81% (22/47), 6/13 and 20.66% (25/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 42.55% (20/47), 6/13 and 18.18% (22/121); 92.86% (26/28) vs. 53.19% (25/47), 7/13 and 20.66% (25/121); 89.29% (25/28) vs. 48.94% (23/47), 6/13 and 16.53% (20/121), the incidences in group B and group C were significantly higher than those in group D, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05); there were no statistical differences in the incidences between group B and group C ( P>0.05). Multifactor Logistic regression analysis result showed that maximum body temperature of 24 h after admission ≥ 37 ℃, time from onset to operation ≥12 h, hematoma in the thalamus, intraoperative hemostasis and unsatisfactory on postoperative blood pressure control were the independent risk factors of hematoma enlargement or rebleeding in the short term after decompressive craniectomy in patients with cerebral hemorrhage ( OR = 3.271, 25.739, 4.255, 3.995 and 13.749; 95% CI 1.072 to 9.977, 7.711 to 85.919, 1.297 to 13.954, 1.252 to 12.747 and 3.961 to 47.732; P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusions:After decompressive craniectomy, some patients with cerebral hemorrhage may have hematoma enlargement or rebleeding in the short term. The admission body temperature, hematoma site, intraoperative hemostasis, postoperative blood pressure control and operation timing are influencing factors, and the corresponding intervention may help to prevent the occurrence of hematoma enlargement or rebleeding in a short term.