Bone marrow stromal stem cells have been used in cartilage tissue engineering for nearly 20 years. This has been a key focus in stem cell research. This article serves to review application, progress and facing problems of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in cartilage tissue engineering by retrieving publications. With the development of molecular biology, biomaterial, computer and nano-biotechnology, tissue-engineered cartilage constructed with BMSCs as seed cells combined with biomaterial stent has a widely application perspective in repairing articular cartilage defect.

BACKGROUND: To understand mechanism, biological property and morphological component of nanometer bone material and discuss present status and applied prospect.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline database was undertaken to identify articles about mechanism, biological property and morphological component of nanometer bone material in English from January 1966 to February 2006, and the key works were novel bioactive materials and bone tissue engineering; meanwhile, Chinese relevant articles were retrieved in Chinese in Tsinghua database from January 2001 toOctober 2004, and the key words were nanometer bone and clinical application.STUDY SELECTION: Articles in disposal group and control group were retrieved firstly. Those obviously non-random and repetitive researches were excluded. Full text of the rest articles was looked up finally.DATA EXTRACTION: Tlere were 124 articles about mechanism, biological property and morphological component of nanometer bone material. Among them, 27 experiments or clinical researches were included.DATA SYNTHESIS: Nanometer bone has favorable conductibility and induction of bone; meanwhile, it is characterized by human-like grading structure and multi-well structure of rangu, favorable biocompatibility and stable biodegradation.Nanometer bone material also can be used in confluence of vertebral body, the buccal surgery fields, the gene therapy of uncompleted osteogenesis, rheumatic arthritis (RA) and malignant tumor. Nanometer bone material is tendency to perfection through improvement of technology.CONCLUSION: Nanometer bone material with many particular properties overcomes many difficulties and achieves a satisfactory effect at clinical pilot phase.

BACKGROUND: To summarize the feature and clinical application of various injectable bone substitutes.DATA SOURCES: The computer-based research was done in Pubmed database for articles concerning various injectable bone substitutes published from January 1995 to May 2009 with the key words of "injectable bone substitute, bone injury" in titles and abstracts. Literatures of the same fields published in recent years or in authorized journals were selected.DATA SELECTION: Latest literatures addressing feature and clinical application of various injectable bone substitutes were selected; old and repetitive studies were excluded. Finally, 21 articles were included.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feature and clinical application of various injectable bone substitutes were measured.RESULTS: Present various injectable bone substitutes contained complex hydroxyapatite bone substitutes, complex calcium sulfate bone substitutes, and complex calcium phosphate bone substitutes. Addition of bone morphogenetic protein-2 etc. in injectable bone substitute could significantly elevate bone union speed, promote osteoblastic proliferation, and overcome disadvantage of physical bone substitute to some degrees. Addition of platelet-rich plasma could promote repair effect of injectable bone substitute on bone defects, and promote differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells and proliferation of osteoblasts. Addition of cells could make up the insufficiency of physical materials to great degrees.CONCLUSION: The compound injectable bone substitute has a bright perspective of clinical application. Injectable bone substitutes combined with cells (especially stem cells) will be a new direction for biomaterial development in the future.

OBJECTIVE: The interrelationship between various growth factors and chondrocytic regeneration has drawn the attentions of scholars and the study on growth factors and repair of articular cartilage defects has been carried on to summarize the latest progression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in articular cartilage repair so as to provide theoretical evidence for its application in cartilage histoengineering.DATA SOURCES: The relevant papers about studies on mechanism and types of articular cartilage injury, TGF-β and interrelationship between TGF-β and articular cartilage repair were looked up on http:∥www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/PubMed from January 1995 to December 2004. The retrieval words were "TGF-β, articular cartilage" limited only in English version.The relevant papers about studies on TGF-β and articular cartilage repair were also looked up on http:∥www.zglckf. com and linked database from January 1999 to December 2004, with the retrieval words of "TGF-β, articular cartilage" limited only in English version.STUDY SELECTION: During the initial evaluation of data and after looking up the quotation of each paper, the inclusive criteria were determined as follows: the paper should be relevant with TGF-β repair of articular cartilage injury; and the exclusive criteria: repeated research and Meta analysis papers. The papers that had not been excluded applied randomized design, control and blind comparison.DATA EXTRACTION: Altogether 95 papers were collected on TGF-βand TGF-β repair of articular cartilage injury, of which, 15 papers were in conformity of inclusive criteria, 56 papers were excluded due to dated research and 24 papers were due to repeated research. Of 15 papers, 3 papers were on the mechanism and types of articular cartilage injury, 6 papers were on biological function of TGF-β and 6 papers were on TGF-βand TGF-β repair of articular cartilage injury.pact, cut, torsion and friction, which is beyond the physiological endurance of articular cartilage. Articular cartilage defects are divided into defects of partial thickness and entire layer of cartilage. The auto-repair growth factor with various functions, which is produced by either autocrine or paracrine. It starts transmitting information by integrating with lagen and stromatin by irritating osteocytes and chondrocytes to form rapidly extracellular matrix so as to promote repair of bone and cartilage injury.CONCLUSION: TGF-β plays the importance in histoengineering repair of articular cartilage injury. By bringing induction of cartilage into play,TGF-β promotes differentiation of stem cells into cartilage or enhances specific matrix synthesis of cartilage, such as collagen Ⅱ and proteoglycan. Due to the limitation of various repair methods of cartilage defects at present, being a cell factor with good cartilage induction, TGF-βwill present extensive prospects in the application of cartilage histoengineering.

Aged ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Histiocytosis, Sinus ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Paranasal Sinus Diseases ; pathology ; surgery ; Paranasal Sinuses ; pathology ; S100 Proteins ; metabolism ; Sclerosis ; pathology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Amnion ; transplantation ; Blood Transfusion, Autologous ; Eye Burns ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Injuries ; therapy ; Young Adult

Air Pollutants ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Particulate Matter

Air Pollution ; Atherosclerosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Particulate Matter

Female ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Diseases ; epidemiology ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Time Factors ; Trinitrotoluene ; poisoning

BACKGROUND: Tissue-engineered artificial nerve was successfully constructed with the compound of acellular nerve graft and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting that it could promote peripheral neural regeneration.OBJECTIVE: To construct tissue-engineered artificial nerve, and to verify neural functional recovery of bridging rats following sciatic nerve defect.METHODS: A total of 60 adult male SD rats were used to induce sciatic nerve defect models (15 mm in length), and they were then randomly divided into three groups, with 20 rats in each group. Sciatic nerve defect group was treated with tissue-engineered artificial nerve; blank control group was treated with tissue-engineered nerve stent; autoallergic neural control group was treated with autoallergic neural transplantation. Twelve weeks after bridging, histology of sciatic nerve and neuralfunctional recovery were detected via gross observation, wet mass of tibialis anterior muscle, and histological analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after bridging surgery, rats in experimental group were able to stand on the floor,and withdrawal reflex was detected at plantar skin on the surgical side. S-100 protein of plantar skin was positive. There was no significant difference in wet mass of tibialis anterior muscle between experimental and autoallergic neural transplantation group (P ＞ 0.05). HRP retrograde tracing in the experimental group demonstrated that HRP-positive cells were observed in both spinalcord and posterior root ganglion. There was no significant difference in number of myetinated nerve fiber, thickness of myelin sheath, and area of nerve tissue between experimental and autoallergic neural transplantation group. The results demonstrated that the compound of acellular nerve graft and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could successfully construct tissue-engineered artificial nerve to repair sciatic nerve defect and promote neurohistological reconstruction and functional recovery.