No abstract available.
Kidney Transplantation*

PURPOSE: An altered mental state is a common chief complain at the emergency departments (EDs). But it is difficult to find out the reason for this mental change. Serum biomarkers are an alternative way to diagnose the reason for mental change. We determined the values of four biomarker for diagnosing the mental changes of the patients seen at the ED: BNP, d-dimer, MMP-9 and S100beta. METHODS: From September 2007 to March 2008, we prospectively enrolled 42 adult patients who visited the ED of Hospital because of an altered mental status. We categorized the patient's mental state into 5 steps (alert to coma), and we took samples of blood at the time of visiting the ED. We then measured the 4 serum markers. The clinical records were reviewed to analyze the usefulness of these 4 serum markers. RESULTS: We enrolled 42 patients (24 females and 18 males). Thirty-three people were diagnosed with stroke and 7 people were diagnosed to not have stroke. The measurements of BNP, d-dimer and MMP-9 were on average 136.5+/-231.7 pg/mL, 2052.2+/-2071.8 ng/mL and 294.9+/-311.7 ng/mL, respectively, and S100beta was mostly measured below 100 pg/mL. After statistic analysis, only MMP-9 had diagnostic value for stroke, and BNP & d-dimer had a negative relation to making the diagnosis of stroke. CONCLUSION: MMP-9 is useful for making the different diagnosis of acute stroke in patients with an altered mental status at the ER. There is the probability of metabolic causes for ED patients' depressed mentality when the BNP and ddimer levels are highly elevated, but further study is needed to confirm this.
Adult ; Biomarkers ; Consciousness Disorders ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Stroke

Due to the inconsistent fluctuation of blood supply for transfusion, much attention has been paid to the development of artificial blood using other animals. Although mini-pigs are candidate animals, contamination of mini-pig T cells in artificial blood may cause a major safety concern. Therefore, it is important to analyze the cross-reactivity of IL-7, the major survival factor for T lymphocytes, between human, mouse, and mini-pig. Thus, we compared the protein sequences of IL-7 and found that porcine IL-7 was evolutionarily different from human IL-7. We also observed that when porcine T cells were cultured with either human or mouse IL-7, these cells did not increase the survival or proliferation compared to negative controls. These results suggest that porcine T cells do not recognize human or mouse IL-7 as their survival factor.

Due to the inconsistent fluctuation of blood supply for transfusion, much attention has been paid to the development of artificial blood using other animals. Although mini-pigs are candidate animals, contamination of mini-pig T cells in artificial blood may cause a major safety concern. Therefore, it is important to analyze the cross-reactivity of IL-7, the major survival factor for T lymphocytes, between human, mouse, and mini-pig. Thus, we compared the protein sequences of IL-7 and found that porcine IL-7 was evolutionarily different from human IL-7. We also observed that when porcine T cells were cultured with either human or mouse IL-7, these cells did not increase the survival or proliferation compared to negative controls. These results suggest that porcine T cells do not recognize human or mouse IL-7 as their survival factor.