The present study was conducted to investigate dietary habits and biochemical indices according to the obesity index of elementary school students visiting a hospital for diagnosis. The subjects of this study were 150 elementary school students and their mothers. The overweight rates of child subjects were 37.5% for males and 40.9% for females, whereas the rates of underweight children were 35.0% for males and 14.5% for females. Children's obesity index significantly decreased with an increase in the average monthly income of children's families. Children's obesity index, mothers's weights, BMI, and percent ideal body weight were all positively correlated. Blood biochemical values in children (hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels) and their obesity index also showed positive correlation. For the underweight group, the frequency of iron-deficiency anemia was significantly high, whereas for the overweight group, the frequency of dyslipidemia was high. There was a significant increase in children's obesity index and a decrease in frequency of regular exercise with time spent on the TV/computer. The normal weight group recorded the highest total scores for mothers' nutritional knowledge, whereas the overweight group recorded the lowest total scores. Therefore, to maintain healthy weight in children, nutritional education programs for mothers and children should be developed.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Dyslipidemias ; Female ; Food Habits ; Glucose ; Hematocrit ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Male ; Mothers ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Thinness ; Weights and Measures

Diaper dermatitis is an infant dermatosis associated with the wearing of diapers, Despite of its high frequency in clinical pediatrics the clinical characteristics are not well described in the korean literatvre. We investigated the clinical and mycological characteritics of diaper dermatitis in 50 serial patients. Clinically diaper dermatitis was classified. into five categories,irritant contact derniatitis(ID), candidiasis(CD). combined rash of ID and CD(CR.), intertrigo, and miliari. Of 50 patients with diaper dermatitis, 18 had ID; 16, CI3; 10, CR; 5, intertrigo, and 1, miliaria, The mean age of patients with ID (11.8 months) was higher than that of patients with CD (4.0 months). Candida albicans(C. albicans) w is isolated from 25 patients with diaper dermatitis. The rate of positive cultures by clinical diagnosis was 130% in CD, 11.1% in ID, 60, 0% in CR, and 20.0% in intertrigo. C. albicons was isolated from 23 patients(82.1%) of patients with clinically suspected Ci") and 2 of 22 patients without the characteristic erythematous papulesThe presence of eryhematous papules was the most characteristic clinical feature of infection, Other candida species isolated from cut,aneous lesions were C. tropicalsis, C.'. parapsiolosis, and C. stellatoidea.
Candida ; Candidiasis ; Dermatitis* ; Diagnosis ; Exanthema ; Humans ; Infant ; Intertrigo ; Miliaria ; Pediatrics ; Skin Diseases

This experiment was performed to study the effect of prostaglandin E2 on tooth movement and root resorption in orthodontically treated cats. Twenty five cats were divided into five groups and closed coil springs delivered 80gm were stretched between upper canine and 3rd premolar. 10microgram of PGE2 was injected locally in the submucosal area of the upper right canine, while the left side served as a control and was injected saline 0.1ml. The distance between canine tip and central cusp tip of the 3rd premolar was measured. Scanning electron photomicrographs were made of the coronal half of the distal root surface of canines and cemental craterings were observed and quantified using point-counting volumetry. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and paired t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The rate of tooth movement of the PGE2 side was increased, particularly at 1 day, compared with the control side. 2. The rate of tooth movement was minimum from 7 days to 10 days. 3. The resorption of root surface of the PGE2 side was decreased from 4 days to 10 days, compared with the control side.
Animals ; Bicuspid ; Cats* ; Dinoprostone* ; Root Resorption* ; Tooth Movement* ; Tooth*

The distributions and morphological characteristics of neurons displaying immunoreactivity to the catecholamine synthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase[TH], dopamine-beta-hydroxylase[DBH], and phenyletha-nolamine-N-methyltransferase[PNMT] were examined in the adjacent sections of the diencephalon of the striped field mouse [Apodemus agrarius coreae].Only TH-, and no DBH- or PNMT-immunoreactive neurons were found in the diencephalon. In the preoptic area, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the anterior preoptic nucleus of Loo[APN], periventricular preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the hypothalamus, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in theparaventricular hypothalamic nucleus, periventricular gray, retrochiasmatic area,anterior hypothalamic nucleus of anterior hypothalamic area and retrochiasmatic region of the hypothalamus. In the rostral tuberal region of the hypothalamus, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus, periventricular gray and arcuate nucleus. In the midtuberal region of the hypothalamus, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, zona incerta and arcuate nucleus. In the caudal tuberal region of the hypothalamus, dorsal hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic complex and arcuate nucleus.
Animals ; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Arcuate Nucleus ; Diencephalon* ; Dopaminergic Neurons* ; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Neurons ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Preoptic Area ; Subthalamus ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ; Tyrosine

BACKGROUND: Some patients present transient swelling on lower lateral neck during swallowing; this condition is known as "omohyoid syndrome" or "omohyoid sling syndrome". The purpose of this case report is to evaluate the proper mechanism as well as to give the reader an appreciation for the proper diagnosis and treatment to this not-uncommon condition. METHODS: There were three cases between May, 2000 and January, 2001. The photography, real-time sonography, and computed tomography (CT) were used. RESULTS: There was a brief report on omohyoid syndrome. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is passively tented up by an underlying omohyoid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle is paradoxically thickened during swallowing. The former appears to have lost its restriction to bowstring by the retaining deep cervical fascia. And the latter seems to result from lack of its relaxation during laryngeal elevation. CONCLUSION: The described approaches allow for precise diagnosis and definite proof of the pathogenetic mechanism.
Deglutition ; Diagnosis ; Fascia ; Humans ; Neck ; Photography ; Relaxation

Authors have reviewed a series of 41 cases of fibrous dysplasia which were treated surgically at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University. After mean follow-up of 25 months, we summarized the results as follows; 1. Among the 41 patients, 20 were male patients(M:F= 1:1.05). The average age was 20.2 years old. It was the most common in the 2nd decade(44%). The most common site was femur (53.6%) followed by tibia (28.6%) in monostotic type. Each polyototic patient had 3.8 locations in average. 2. The results were better in skeletally mature patients (86%) than in immature patients (42%). 3. Satisfactory results seemed to be expected in monostotic type (71%) than polyostotic type(33 %) 4. Satisfactory results seemed to be expected in sclerotic type(78%) than cystic type(50%) or ground glass appearance type (62%). 5. Autograft(71%) was superior to xenograft(40%) in our study. However, xenograft only or xenograft with autograft can be a recommendable method of treatment for a very large lesion or for a patient with insufficient graft donor site.
Autografts ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Heterografts ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Seoul ; Tibia ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

In 1947, Liver described adenoid squamous cell carcinoma under the title of "adenoacanthoma of sweat gland". This tumor is not rare, but reported cases in literatures were relatively few. The tumor were frequently found in the sun-exposed skin; such as face, ear, neck etc.. The cases involving non-sun-exposed area, such as oral and labial mucosa, nosopharynx and vulva etc., were also reported. Therefore, the relation between the pathogenesis of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma and sun damage has been still debated. Immunohistochemical studies have recently suggested that this tumor is squamous cell carcinoma undergoing acantholysis. The authors experienced a case of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a seventy-one year old female patient. She had suffered from itching sensation on vulva for 10 years, and palpable mass on vulva for 1 month. On gross examination, a pale gray pigmentation and erosion, was noted at the right labia major, the minor extending left labia major and minor. On microscopic examination, nests of atypical epithelial cells extending into the cornium showed an adenoid architecture. These were composed of a peripheral layers of cuboidal cell in a lacy pattern. And the glandular spaces contained dyskeratotic acantholytic tumor cells in central portion. Therefore we diagnosed this case as adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.
Female ; Humans

BACKGROUND: There is controversy over whether aerobic or resistance exercise is more effective for improving endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was aimed to investigate the effects of an aerobic and resistance training program on endothelial function, and the influences of glycemic control, body weight changes, and aerobic capacity in T2DM. METHODS: Total 40 overweight women with T2DM were assigned into 3 groups: an aerobic exercise group (AEG, n=13), resistance exercise group (REG, n=12), and control group (CG, n=15), and followed either brisk walking for the AEG or resistance band training for the REG, 60 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks with monitoring daily activity using accelerometers. We assessed endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and aerobic capacity by oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (AT_VO2) at baseline and following training program. RESULTS: The mean participants' age was 57.0+/-6.8 years, and body mass index (BMI) was 27.0+/-2.3 kg/m2. After intervention, FMD increased by 2.2+/-1.9% in AEG, which differed from REG and CG (P=0.002), despite of decreased body weight (BW) in both AG and RG (2.8+/-2.5%, P=0.002; 1.6+/-2.0%, P=0.017, respectively). A significant increased AT_VO2 and decreased HbA1c were found only in AEG. In all participants, FMD was changed with the significant relations to the AT_VO2 (r=0.348, P=0.035), but not to HbA1c levels or BW. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise appears to be more beneficial than resistance exercise for improving endothelial function in T2DM. In addition, aerobic capacity could be a better predictor of changes in FMD than BW and glycemic control.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Overweight ; Oxygen ; Resistance Training ; Walking

Background/Aims: Utilization of low-volume preparation agents is crucial to improve patient willingness to undergo repeat colonoscopies. However, gastric safety data on preparation agents are limited. This study evaluated the acute gastropathy associated with bowel preparation agents. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled healthy subjects who underwent both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy screening. Baseline patient characteristics, bowel preparation success, acute gastropathy, and polyp and adenoma detection rates were evaluated for 1 L polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid (1 L PEG/Asc) and oral sulfate tablet (OST) groups. Results: Comparison of the OST group (n=2,463) with the 1 L PEG/Asc group (n=2,060) revealed that the rates of successful cleansing and high-quality cleansing were similar between the two groups. Polyp and adenoma detection rates were significantly higher in the OST group than in the 1 L PEG/Asc group (p<0.001 and p=0.013), while the incidence of acute gastric mucosal lesion-like blood stain/clot, erosions at greater curvature side of antrum/body, multiple erosions, and overlying mucosal erythema or edema were all significantly higher in the OST group than in the 1 L PEG/Asc group (all p<0.001). Additionally, high and indeterminate probability scores of preparation agent-induced gastropathy (p=0.001) and mean Lanza scores were significantly higher in the OST group than in the 1 L PEG/Asc group (1.3 vs. 0.4, p<0.001). Conclusions Compared with 1 L PEG/Asc, OSTs were significantly associated with acute gastropathy during bowel preparation, thus requiring careful consideration from physicians for the simultaneous screening of EGD and colonoscopy.

Background/Aims: Utilization of low-volume preparation agents is crucial to improve patient willingness to undergo repeat colonoscopies. However, gastric safety data on preparation agents are limited. This study evaluated the acute gastropathy associated with bowel preparation agents. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled healthy subjects who underwent both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy screening. Baseline patient characteristics, bowel preparation success, acute gastropathy, and polyp and adenoma detection rates were evaluated for 1 L polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid (1 L PEG/Asc) and oral sulfate tablet (OST) groups. Results: Comparison of the OST group (n=2,463) with the 1 L PEG/Asc group (n=2,060) revealed that the rates of successful cleansing and high-quality cleansing were similar between the two groups. Polyp and adenoma detection rates were significantly higher in the OST group than in the 1 L PEG/Asc group (p<0.001 and p=0.013), while the incidence of acute gastric mucosal lesion-like blood stain/clot, erosions at greater curvature side of antrum/body, multiple erosions, and overlying mucosal erythema or edema were all significantly higher in the OST group than in the 1 L PEG/Asc group (all p<0.001). Additionally, high and indeterminate probability scores of preparation agent-induced gastropathy (p=0.001) and mean Lanza scores were significantly higher in the OST group than in the 1 L PEG/Asc group (1.3 vs. 0.4, p<0.001). Conclusions Compared with 1 L PEG/Asc, OSTs were significantly associated with acute gastropathy during bowel preparation, thus requiring careful consideration from physicians for the simultaneous screening of EGD and colonoscopy.