For decades, coping has undergone intensive investigation through different theoretical lens. In this paper, three theoretical standings in coping research were proposed:namely,the process theory, the trait theory and the situation theory. Relevant research and measurements were introduced. In the end, different perspectives were reevaluated and implication for further research was discussed.

Objective: To explore the effect of perfectionism on depression using anxiety as a controllng variable,and to find possible personality moderators.Methods: 407 undergraduate students from 8 universities in Beijing and Xi'an completed a battery of questionnaires,including Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(FMPS),Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Personality Adjective Checklist(PACL) and Self-rated Anxiety Scale(SAS).Results: Hierarchical Regression Analysis confirmed the effects of two negative perfectionism dimensions hesitating over actions and concerning over mistakes,on depression after controlling anxiety.The effect of organization on depression was moderated by the personality trait of cooperation.Conclusion: Dimensions of perfectionism have diverse effects on depression.Psychological intervention should be carried out according to individual characteristics.

Objective: To explore the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP-X) on IL-2 and TNF-? gene expressions in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods: RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) was used to detect the gene expressions of IL-2 and TNF-?. Results: LBP-X at 5-40 mg/L upregulated the levels of IL-2 and TNF-? mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after optimal time culture. Conclusion: The immunoenhancing effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide may be associated with its stimulation of IL-2 and TNF-? gene expressions.

Objective: To study the influencing factors of the rural medical service demand. Methods: The gravity model of medical service demand was derived based on Individual utility function and profit objective function of medical institutions, and the data regression examine model of some county-level and district-level hospital were used. Results: According to the research, the main factors influenced the quantity of medical services come from medical supplies. With the increase of resident disposable income, the elasticity of demand for medical services decreased, while visiting distance of elasticity of demand for medical services increased. Conclusion: To increase the accessibility of medical service, it needs to set meeting the resident’s personal demand as the center, to promote the development of private hospitals. The scale of large hospitals should be limited so as to lead large-scale hospitals to separate low value-added medical services and to promote effective implementation of the treatment classification system.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neuron. Insomnia is one of the widespread but underappreciated non-motor symptoms in ALS patients, which may not only seriously affect patients′ quality of life, but also reflect the lesions of central nervous system in ALS. This review summarizes the insomnia symptoms reported in current ALS studies, and summarizes the somatic factors and central nervous system changes associated with insomnia in ALS patients, so as to provide ideas for the development of effective intervention measures and future research.

Objective: To study the antitumor effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP X) and its immunity regulating effect on S 180 bearing mice. Methods: S 180 bearing mice were used as animal model. The effect of LBP X on tumor weight and immune function was observed. Results: LBP X could inhibit the growth of S 180 effectively and increase thymus index, the macrophage phagocytic function, anti SRBC antibody secreted by the spleen cells, lymphocyte proliferation and CTL activity and decrease LPO markedly in S 180 bearing mice. Conclusion: The mechanism of tumor inhibition by LBP X was due to enhance the immune function.

Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of MBI-SS and discuss the academic characteristics that affect burnout. Methods: 353 undergraduate students were administrated MBI-SS and Academic Characteristic Survey. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the expected three-factor structure of the adapted versions of the MBI- Students Survey (including Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Reduced Efficacy) fitted to the data. Exploratory factor analyses showed that the Academic Characteristic Survey includes six dimensions. The result of Regression showed that 44.4% variance of student burnout can be explained by Academic Characteristics. Conclusion: Student burnout includes three dimensions: Exhaustion, Cynicism and Reduced efficacy. Academic self-efficacy,academic stress,relationship with teachers and relationship with fellow students are significant predictors for student burnout.

Objective To explore the effects of psychological health education on mental health status of middle school students. Methods All middle school students were randomly divided into 2 groups by cluster sampling, a interventional group and a control group. 28 students in the intervention group received group psychological consultation for two months, 30 students in the control group received no therapies.Changes of active respond and negative response subscales(ARNRS), communication anxiety scale (IAS),accommodate others scale(AOS), self-rating depression scale(SDS)were compared before and after the intervention in both groups. Results After group counseling, ARNRS, IAS, AOS, SDS in the interventional group was significantly changed compared with both pre-counseling and the control group, with P<0.05～0.0001 and P<0.05～0.0001, respectively. Conclusion Community mental health education can enhance middle-school student's psychological health level.

Objective To discuss curative results of breast-conserving therapy for early primary breast cancer. Methods Fifty-two patients with stage Ⅰ~Ⅱ breast cancer(solitary tumor ≤ 3 cm in size) underwent local lumpectomy and axillary lymph node dissection from March 2000 to September 2005 in this hospital.After operation,the radiation therapy,chemotherapy,and endocrine therapy were given.Results The breast specimens were pathologically examined and no infiltrating margin was found.The rate of good cosmetic effects was 86.5%(45/52).Follow-up examinations in 50 cases for 10~36 months(median,16 months) found no local recurrence and distant metastasis.Conclusions The cosmetic and clinical results of breast-conserving surgery for stage Ⅰ~Ⅱ primary breast cancer are satisfactory.

Objective: To examine the applicability of Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS) in Chinese college students, and its relationship with self-esteem.Methods: A sample of 187 undergraduates completed the preliminary back-translated Chinese version of PSPS.Another sample of 482 undergraduates completed a battery of structured questionnaires including the final Chinese version of PSPS, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and the Self-Esteem Scale (SES).Reliability and validity of PSPS were analyzed and a hierarchical regression analysis was processed to examine the additional contribution of perfectionistic self-presentation in predicting self-esteem after controlling for perfectionistic traits.Results: All psychometric indices of the revised PSPS were satisfactory (the Cronbach ?index for the three subscales were 0.742, 0.705 and 0.681).The three sub-dimensions, i.e.perfection self-promotion, non-display of perfection and non-disclosure of perfection, all had significant contributions(?F=9.891,P