Objective To know the quality change trend of outgoing water from the water plants in the rural areas in Dongguan, Shunde and Zhongshan of Guangdong. Methods The quality reports of the outgoing water and the supply capacity of the water plants in 1999-2003 were analyzed. Results The up to standard rate of outgoing water showed an increase in the three areas in 1999-2003, from 98.00% to 98.55%, 95.13% to 99.43% and 97.95 to 99.63% respectively, but the bacteriological indexes were still noteworthy. Conclusion The outgoing quality of water plants in Dongguan,Shunde and Zhongshan of Guangdong is satisfactory, the up to standard rate of outgoing water from the larger scale plants is higher compared with the smaller ones.

Objective To compare the risk factors of mild hemorrhage and diiferences of TOAST type in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and transient ischemia attack (TIA).Methods Forty patients with mild hemorrhage were divided into ACI group(24 cases) and TIA group(16 cases) according to disease classification.Risk factors such as age,blood pressure,blood lipid and so on between 2 groups were compared,TOAST subtype differences of 2 groups were compared.Results The age [(73.3 ± 4.1) years],the ratio of hypertension [95.8％(23/24)],leukoaraiosis [70.8％(17/24)] in ACI group was significantly higher than that in TIA group [(65.5 ± 5.6) years,13/16,9/16],there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism in ACI group [75.0％ (18/24) and 16.7％ (4/24)] was significantly higher than that in TIA group (8/16 and 1/16),there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).But the ratio of small artery occlusion in ACI group [8.3％ (2/24)] was significantly lower than that in TIA group (7/16),there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Correlative risk factors of milde hemorrhage in ACI and TIA patients have significant differences.

Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of electrocoagulation of gallbladder artery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy ( LC) . Methods A total of 376 patients with gallbladder benign diseases underwent LC in our hospital from May 2004 to September 2013.The gallbladder artery was treated by electrocoagulation . Results Because of unclear gallbladder triangle due to abdominal adhesion , conversion to laparotomy was performed in 9 patients.In the remaining 367 patients, three-port LC with electrocoagulation of the gallbladder artery was conducted successfully .Laparoscopic appendectomy was conducted simultaneously in 12 patients.An additional fenestration and drainage of the left renal cyst was performed in 1 patient.Postoperatively, a secondary bile duct exploration was conducted in 1 patient because of bile duct obstruction caused by common bile duct stones . Conclusion The electrocoagulation of gallbladder artery is safe and feasible in LC for the treatment of gallbladder benign diseases .

Objective:To measure the effect of disinfection on dimension stability of four high polymer impression materials which were separately immersed in 20 ml/L glutaraldehyde solution.Methods:Fifteen plaster replication models of four high polymer impression materials(Impregum Penta polyether, Express-Putty silicone, Silagum-Putty silicone, GC EXAFINE silicone) were made on the same metal master cast respectively. Vertical and horizontal dimensions between landmarks on the masters and plaster casts were measured with an optical microscope,one-way ANOVA was used to compare the measurements among the materials.Results:The difference between the masters and Casts in horizontal distances measured on Express-Putty silicone impression material produced models was longer than those on other high polymer impression materials produced ones after disinfection for 20 minutes and beyond clinical requirement. Compared with metal master cast, the difference became significant when these four silicone impression materials were disinfected for 40 minutes. Conclusion: Among the four kinds of impression materials, the Express-Putty silicone material is relatively the most accurate one after disinfection for 20 minutes.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the feasibility of target-controlled infusion of midazolam on conscious sedation for patients undergoing combined spinalepidural anesthesia and the needed target-controlled blood concentration.METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were subjected to target-controlled infusion of midazolam.The level of sedation of midazolam was evaluated applying OAA/S score and bispectral index(BIS).The correlation between target-controlled blood concentration(Cp) and BIS was determined.The Cp,BIS,MAP,HR and SpO2 at different OAA/S were observed. RESULTS: When OAA/S score was 3,the required target-controlled blood concentration of midazolam was(122.8? 20.8) ng? mL-1 in midazolam sedation patients.There was a good correction between BIS and Cp,and BIS=— 3.28Cp+ 355.22(r=— 0.862 5,P

Objective To investigate the dose-respeuse relationship of levobupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 25-35 yr weighing 60-90 kg scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were enrolled in this study.Spinal puncture was performed at the L3,4 interspace.A 25 G spinal needle was inserted into the subarachnoid space cephalad.The patients were randomized to receive levobupivacaine 7.5 mg (group L1 ),10 mg (group L2),12.5 mg (group L3) or 15 mg (group L4) diluted to 3 ml with 5% glucose over 30 s (n = 15 each).The degree of pain was evaluated at the time of skin incision using visual analogue scales (VAS) (0 = no pain and 10 = worse pain ever).Effective analgesia was defined as VAS = 0.Spinal analgesia was inadequate when VAS≥1 and then 1% lidocaine 5-10 ml was given epidurally.The doses of levobupivacaine for effective analgesia in 50% and 95% of patients ( ED50 and ED95 ) and 95 % confidence interval were calculated by Probit method.Results The ED50 of levobupivacaine was 9.0 mg (95% confidence interval 7.8-9.9 mg) and ED95 13.2 mg (95% confidence interval 11.6-17.6 mg) for spinal anesthesia.Conclusion The ED50 and ED95 of levobupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section are 9.0 mg and 13.2 mg respectively.

OBJECTIVE: Researches on total hip replacements are always the hot spots in recent years. The replacements have obtained satisfactory outcomes in clinic. However, the long-term effect is limited because of the material and technical problems. This paper is to summarize the developmental trend and the prospect of clinical application for total hip replacements in 10 years.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline database was undertaken to identify relevant articles published in English from January 1996 to January 2006 by using the keywords of "total hip replacements, surgical robot, tissue engineering, virtual endoscopy". Meanwhile,Chinese relevant articles published from January 1990 to December 2005 were searched in Wanfang database, the keywords were "total hip replacements, material, virtual endoscopy, surgical robot, tissue engineering" in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: The articles were primarily checked, and the references in each literature were reviewed. Articles about the study on total hip replacements were involved; Meanwhile, the repetitive studies or Meta analysis were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 39 relevant articles were collected, and 22 of them accorded with the. Inclusive criteria, 17 old or repetitive ones were excluded. Of the 22 articles, 5 were about the influence of artificial joint material on prosthetic loosening and its carcinogenesis; 2 about the microinvasion of joint replacement induced by computer-aided surgery navigation; 1 about the introduction of surgical robot; 3 about the development of custom-made and specially made artificial joint; 9 about the possibility for the surface replacement of hip; and 2 about the combination of tissue engineering technique and artificial joint.DATA SYNTHESIS: Modern researches on total hip replacements are exploring wearing tolerant prosthesis to reduce the prosthetic loosening caused by osteolysis and bone resorption. The computer-aided design/made technique is used for special design and manufacture according to the need of disease, so as to solve the fracture around prosthesis and meet the need of limb salvage surgery. The computer-aided surgery navigation realizes the microinvasion of joint replacement and the fast recovery after surgery. The successful rate of total hip replacements is improved by developing localized surgical robot in China. By using the virtual endoscopy, we can accurately know the damaged conditions of intraarticular cartilage and sub-cartilage bone, which are also able to be quantifized, so that more suitable and reliable prosthesis can be selected to increase the accuracy. The tissue engineering technique in repairing defect can increase the synostosis of prosthesis, and perfect the technique of joint replacement.CONCLUSION: In the coming 10 years, total hip replacements will develop towards stability, harmlessness, microinvasion, mechanization, individualization and diversification, so that the total hip replacements will be much stander and safer with higher successful rate.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the status quo of the perceptions of professional benefits in the clinical teachers of nursing,analyze the influencing factors and put forward effective measures to improve it.Methods A convenience sample of 117 nurse preceptors in 4 teaching hospitals participated by completing a two-part questionnaire the Preceptor's Perception of Benefits and Rewards Scale and a demographic questionnaire.Results The total average score of benefits and rewards to the preceptor role was(63.64±9.93) points,low than the study done by Hyrkas(2007) in American.Nurse preceptors in different nursing unit felt different benefits and rewards to the preceptor role.Medicine unit and surgical unit were higher than Pediatrics unit.The longer time of being preceptor,the higher score of benefits and rewards to the preceptor role.Conclusions The score of benefits and rewards to the preceptor role is low.Hospitals should increase support for clinical teaching program,particularly pediatrics.Nurse managers should adjust promotion opportunities,workload,rewards of nurse preceptors to meet the needs of nurses in clinical teaching and to improve teaching effectiveness.

Objective: To compare the cognition of cancer patients and their relatives,so as to provide references for cognitive intervention.Methods: Cognition questionnaire consists 19 questions to which most patients and their relatives concern.Sixty new cases of cancer patients and their relatives were included in this study.Results: Answers to the 5 following questions from the patients and their relatives were different with statistical significance: do you know the diagnosis(83% patients know,97% relatives know,?2=5.93,P=0.015);whether to inform patients of diagnosis or not(87% patients chose yes,65% relatives chose yes,?2=7.69,P=0.006);is it necessary to tell patient intimate therapeutic regimen(77% patients thought it is necessary,62% relatives thought it is necessary,?2=8.71,P=0.013);who decide the method(s) of treatment(7% patients and 17% relatives' answer is the patients,?2=7.19,P=0.028);if the treatment is unable to cure your disease,what would be your option(80% patients and 97% relatives chose treatment,?2=8.09,P=0.004).Different educational background(?2=5.63,P=0.018) and occupation(?2=4.10,P=0.043) affected their cognition on being informed of the intimate therapeutic regimen.Conclusion:Patients` and relatives` cognition of being informed of the diagnosis and therapy are diverse from each other.In communication with them,doctors must treat them respectively.

Object To speed up the artificial propagation of the costly medicinal plant Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Methods The tender stems with lateral buds were tried as the explants and cultured on various culture media with different portions of hormon. Results The best medium for bud induction was the MS basic medium with addition of 6 BA (0.5 mg/L), NAA (0.2 mg/L), while MS with the addition of 6 BA (3.0 mg/L) NAA (0.5 mg/L), was suitable for propagation, MS with addition of IBA (0.3 mg/L), NAA (0.1 mg/L) was better for root growing, the striking growth rate was up to 95%. The young sprout was cultured fine on the base material mixed with coco crumbs, volcanic rocks and brick fragments (1∶1∶ 1) and covered by dried pteridophyte. Conclusion To provide the effective ways to reserve the resources of D. nobile and last its utlization.