An HPLC fingerprint of pomegranate peel was established. Using chromatographic conditions, we compared the chemical composition of pomegranate peel, inside and seeds, and simultaneously determined the contents of gallic acid and ellagic acid. By comparison, we found that there were no significant differences between pomegranate peel and inside, but there was a big difference between pomegranate seeds and another two. The contents of gallic acid and ellagic acid of pomegranate peel respectively were 0.33%, 0.59%, while in pomegranate inside the result respectively were 0.52%, 0.38%. Content of ellagic acid from pomegranate seeds was only 0.01%. By study, we thought that when pomegranate peel was processed, pomegranate seeds should be removed, while pomegranate inside could be retained on the premise of full drying.
Ellagic Acid ; analysis ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Punicaceae ; chemistry ; Seeds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo develop an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of gallic acid and hesperidin in Xiaogu capsule, in order to provide a simple, rapid and accurate method for quality control of the compound preparation of traditional Chinese medicine.

METHODXiaogu capsule was extracted with methanol heating reflux method. Synergi 4 mu Hydro-RP 80A (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted as the chromatographic column, with acetonitrile--0.04 mol x L(-1) phosphate monobasic sodium solution (20: 80) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was 283 nm, and the column temperature was 25 degrees C.

RESULTUnder the conditions, gallic acid and hesperidin reached the baseline resolved peak, with a good linearity within the range of 21.6-216.0 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.999 93) for gallic acid, and 4.5-45.0 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.999 95) for hesperidin, respectively. Their average recoveries (n = 9) were 101.5% (RSD 3.7%) and 94.7% (RSD 2.7%), respectively. The average contents of gallic acid and hesperidin contained in Xiaogu capsule were detected to 5.10% and 0.091 1%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method established in this study can determine the content of gallic acid and hesperidin contained in Xiaogu capsule in a rapid and accurate manner, which provided reference for quality evaluation of the medicine.

Capsules ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Hesperidin ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo establish a HPLC method for the determination of gallic acid and catechin in Rheum palametum and to study the changes of gallic acid and catechin content in R. palametum during processing.

METHODThe contents of gallic acid and catechin were determined simultaneously by HPLC on the Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column at 30 degrees C with gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.9 mL x min(-1) and the detecting wave-length was 277 nm.

RESULTThere were obvious differences in contents of gallic acid and catechin between the crude herbal material and other four kinds of processed products of R. palametum. Compared to crude herbal material, the contents of gallic acid increased evidently increased in the five processed pieces, up to 139. 3% in the processed piece of braising with liquor. The contents of catechin were similar to gallic acid in the pieces of vinegar and the liquor sauted, but nearly not founded in the braising with liquor and the charring products.

CONCLUSIONThe different processing methods have certain effect on the content of gallic acid and catechin in R. palametum.

Catechin ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Rheum ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of four acids compounds including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, corilagin and ellagic acid in Erodium Stephanianum.

METHODThe RP-HPLC separation was performed on an Agilent TC-C18 analytical column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase was methanol (A) -water containing 0.4% H3PO4 (B) with gradient elution mode at the flow rate of 0.8 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was set at 259 nm, and the column temperature was 30 degrees C.

RESULTThe liner ranges of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, corilagin and ellagic acid were 0.059-2.360 g x L(-1) (r = 0.999 6), 0.017-0.672 g x L(-1) (r = 0.999 9), 0.351-14.040 g x L(-1) (r = 0.999 9), and 0.151-6.040 g x L(-1) (r = 0.999 8), respectively. The average recoveries (n = 3) were 99.45% (RSD 1.5%), 98.65% (RSD 1.7%), 100.3% (RSD 2.0%), and 98.90% (RSD 1.2%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple and accurate with a good reproducibility and can be used for quality control of Erodium stephanianum.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ellagic Acid ; analysis ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Geraniaceae ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Hydrolyzable Tannins ; Hydroxybenzoates ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo develop an UPLC method for the determination of leonurine in traditional Chinese medicines.

METHODAn Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm) with 1.7 microm particle size was used. The mobile phase was composed of methanol and ammonium formate buffer (pH 4.0) in gradient mode. The flow rate was 0.3 mL x min(-1) and the chromatograpic run time was 18 min for one sample.

RESULTThe results showed that there was significant difference in the content of leonurine in the leonurus products from different pharmaceutical companies. The leonurine content in those products is in the range of 45.6-193 microg x g(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, reproducible and reliable. It can be used to control the quality of related drugs.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Gallic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Leonurus ; chemistry

This study established the ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) fingerprint of Xinnaojian preparations. With epicatechin gallate as the internal reference substance, a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method for determining the content of nine components(gallic acid, epigallocatechin, catechin, caffeine, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and catechin gallate) in Xinnaojian preparations was established. The content determined by the external standard method(ESM) and QAMS method was compared to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of QAMS method. The results showed that the standard curves of nine components had good linear relationship within the test concentration ranges. The average recoveries were 87.57%-107.4%, and the RSD was 1.5%-2.9%. Except epigallocatechin, the other components showed good repeatability under different experimental conditions. Epigallocatechin could meet the requirements in the same instrument and at the same wavelength. The results generally showed no significant difference between QAMS and ESM. The content of 9 components varied between the samples from different manufacturers, while it showed no significant difference between the samples from the same manufacturer. In summary, the UPLC fingerprint combined with QAMS method is feasible and accurate for determining the content of the nine components, which can be used for rapid quality evaluation of Xinnaojian preparations.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Gallic Acid/analysis* ; Caffeine

OBJECTIVETo study ecology suitability rank dividing of Polygonum capitatum for selecting artificial planting base and high-quality industrial raw material in Guizhou province.

METHODBased on the investigation of PCB and DEM data of Guizhou province, the relationship between the gallic acid content in P. capitatum and topographical conditions was analyzed by statistical analysis. The geographic information systems (GIS)-based assessment and landscape ecological principles were applied to assess ecology suitability areas of P. capitatum in Guizhou.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONslope, aspect and altitude are main topographical factors that affect the content of gallic acid in P. capitatum. The gallic acid content of P. capitatum is higher in the lower altitude, shady slope and smaller slope areas. The gallic acid content is higher in the eastern areas of Guizhou province.

Adaptation, Biological ; China ; Ecology ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Geographic Information Systems ; Polygonum ; chemistry ; physiology ; Topography, Medical

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita caused a serious damage to many plants. The phenolic components of the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius were investigated as potential nematicidal agents for M. incognita. Nine compounds were isolated and characterized as viz., 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose (1), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Afzelin) (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Quercetrin) (3), myricetin (4), myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Myricetrin) (5), methylgallate (6), protocatechuic acid (7), quercetin (8), and gallic acid (9) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Compound 1 showed pronounced nematicidal activity compared to Oxamyl as a positive control. It showed the lowest eggs-hatchability (34%) and the highest mortality in nematode population (21% after 72 hours of treatment) at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. It exhibited the best suppressed total nematode population, root galling and number of eggmasses in infected tomato plants. The total carbohydrates and proteins were also significantly induced by 1 with reduction in total phenolics and increase in defense-related proteins. Thus, compound 1 could be a promising, more safe and effective natural nematicidal agent for the control of root-knot nematodes.
Anacardiaceae ; Carbohydrates ; Gallic Acid ; Glucose ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mortality ; Phenol ; Quercetin ; Spectrum Analysis ; Tylenchoidea

This paper is aimed to study the commodity specification and grade standard of Galla Chinensis,for standardizing market order and guide the market circulation,and provide a basis for standardization of Galla Chinensis. With 33 samples of Galla Chinensis from market as the object of the research,the herbal textual research and market research were carried out. Then the grading indicator were selected by the descriptive statistics,principal component analysis and cluster analysis,combining with production practice,the commodity specification and grade standard of Galla Chinensis were set out. The data of moisture,ash,gallic acid as the internal index were used to analyze the relationship between the quality difference between grades and the appearance characters and the intrinsic composition. Herbal textual research and market research found that the high quality of Galla Chinensis characterized with large,complete,wall thick,grayish brown characteristics,and Galla Chinensis could be divided into gallnuts and horned gall. Through principal component analysis and cluster analysis,combining actual production and herbal record,screening,the length,diameter,single weight,the number of 500 g were determined as 4 grading indicators,the commodity specification was divided into two: gallnuts and horned gall,the grades was divided into two: selected goods and mixed goods. The result of correlation analysis showed there was no significant correlation between the internal index and the appearance characters of Galla Chinensis. The result of multiple comparison showed that the ash content of the selected goods was smaller than that of the mixed goods,but it did not reach significant. The content of gallic acid of the selected goods and the mixed goods of gallnuts were higher than selected goods of horned gall,and higher than mixed goods of horned galls. Using the length,diameter,single weight,the number of 500 g as the appearance characters index. Combining with the herbal textual research and market research,we have divided two specifications and two grades for the commodity specification and grade standard of Galla Chinensis,which can provide a basis for industry standards and national standards.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Plant Tumors ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo isolate and purify gallic acid and brevifolincarboxylic acid simultaneously by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) from a crude extract of Polygonum capitatum.

METHODThe biphasic solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-0.44% acetic acid (3:1:5) was used at a flow rate of 2.0 mL x min(-1), while the aqueous phase was selected as the mobile phase and the apparatus was rotated at 860 r x min(-1). The effluent was detected at 272 nm.

RESULT51.5 mg of gallic acid and 5.9 mg of brevifolincarboxylic acid were separated from 1.07 g of the crude extract with the purities of 99.7% and 97.5%, respectively, while brevifolincarboxylic acid was obtained firstly from the genus Polygonum. The structures of the compounds were identified by ultraviolet spectrometry (UV), infra-red spectrometry (IR), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), time-of-flight mass spectrometry( TOF-MS), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR.

CONCLUSIONThis method is feasible and rapid for isolation and purification of gallice acid and brevifolincarboxylil acid.

Carboxylic Acids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Countercurrent Distribution ; methods ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Polygonum ; chemistry