The required doses of gallamine (nondepolarizing neuromuscular bloeker) were measured in twelve patients under one MAC anesthesia of nitrous oxide-oxygen(50%)-enflurane with inductions of sodium pentothal (sleeping doses) and succinylcholine(1mg/kg). It was observed that the required dose of gallamine in nitrous oxide-oxygen(50%)-halothane (36. 5+/-3.54mg/hr/M2) is much higher than that in nitrous oxide-oxygen(50%)-enflurane (18.0+/-2.48mg/hr/M2) (p<0.01) and reviewed literaturea on the above result.
Anesthesia ; Enflurane* ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Halothane* ; Humans ; Muscle Relaxation* ; Sodium ; Thiopental

An attempt was made to correlate the incidence of muscle pain following the administration of succinyIcholine and its prevention by prior administration of gallamine or d-tubocurarine. The overall incidence of pain after use of succinylcholine was 29 per cent. The prior injection of d-tubocurarine (0. 05 mg/kg) or gallamine (0. 3 mg/kg) completely pervented the muscle pain. It is presumed that d-tubocurarine or gallamine protects the patients from muscle pain by preventing a portion of the injected succinylcholine from depolarizing the muscle fibers.
Clinical Study* ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myalgia ; Succinylcholine* ; Tubocurarine

Since succinyl choline was introduced, into clinical anesthesia, it has been used as main muscle relaxant because of its rare side effects and short duration of action. Our interest in the effects of this drug on extraocular muscles and intraocular pressure began in 1957 following reports of vitreous expulsion in patients who received succinylcholine during ocular surgery. The effects of muscle relaxants on the intraocular pressure were studied in 60 healthy human subjects. When succinylcholine was given alone, 20 human subjects had a mean increase in intraocular pressure of 10. 5 mmHg. When gallamine 2. 5 mg/kg or pancuronium 80 ug/kg was used, 20 subjects showed a mean decrease of 3. 1 mm Hg from control. Giving gallamine (20 mg) or dtubo curarine(3 mg) 2-3 minutes prior to the administration of succinylcholine, 20 human subjects had no significant change in intraocular pressure. This simple method prevents the increase in intraocular pressure associated with the use of succinylcholine.
Anesthesia ; Choline ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Methods ; Muscles ; Pancuronium ; Succinylcholine

During the past three years, in 1,607 selected general anesthetic cases, the authors have observed the influence of various drugs used in anesthesia and the patient's physical status upon the blood pressure during and immediately following endotracheal intubation. The results are as follows: 1) Blood pressure was higher during and for a period of 10 minutes after intubation than the control. 2) In the cases premedicated with Demerol and atropine intubation. Following intubation, however, blood pressure halothane anesthesia. 3) In patients with poor physical status, blood pressure more following intubation when either halothane or ether was employed. 4) Patients with poor physical status seemed to tolerate, considering the blood pressure change, ether better than holothane anesthesia.5) In the beginning of induction, blood pressure tended to fall less with gallamine than with succinylcholine chloride.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Atropine ; Blood Pressure* ; Ether ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Halothane ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Meperidine ; Succinylcholine

Severe bronchospasm, hypotension and skin rash were observed in a 23 year-old woman after injection of gallamine iodide. Her past history revealed no asthmatic and allergic diathesis. Initial administration of succinylcholine induced a mild degree of bronchspasm and urticaria-like skin rash, which were intensified in severity after gallamine injection under the anesthetic state. Administration of hydrocortisone 500mg I.V. and antihistaminic(Avil), 100pmg I.M., produced successful relief of bronchospasm with circulatory embarrassment. A review was done as to histamine libration and bronchospasm due to succinylcholine, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, thiopental and atropine. The value of intradermal skin rash test was discussed.
Atropine ; Bronchial Spasm ; Disease Susceptibility ; Exanthema ; Female ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Histamine ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypotension ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental ; Tubocurarine

That gallamine causes tachycardia during general anesthesia is well known, but the efficacy of its anticholinergic action or an adrenergic beta blocking action remains to be determined. Twelve patients were subjected to this study, in which under halothane anesthesia small doses of propranolol. an adrenergic beta-blocker, was administered. In all cases bradycardia resulted and the greatest decrease was noted five minutes after intravenous injection of propranolol(0. 5 1. 0mg). At the height of bradycardia, gallamine 80 mg was administered intravenously. In all cases gallamine produced a significant increase of heart rate over the level before the injection of propranolol, but not so much as without propranolol pretreatment. But fifth minute values after propranolol expressed as 100 per cent, (per cent change in heart rate after propranolol followed by gallamine,) and after gallamine were similar effectively. This study suggested that gallamine-induced tachycardia is modified, but its anticholinergic action is not impaired by propranolol, and that gallamine-induced tachycardia is caused by anticholiaergic action of gallamine.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Bradycardia ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Halothane* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Propranolol* ; Tachycardia*

To evaluate the historical trend of anesthetic experience for the past 22 years a total of 68,473 cases which were performed at the National Medical Center from 1959 to 1981 were studied. To simplify the analysis statistically, the author selected the anesthetic cases every other year(12 years). 1) General anesthesia was performed in more than 78% of the total cases and of this number endotracheal intubation has been used with increasing frequency(average 92.8%). 2) For intravenous induction, thiopental sodium was used as the main agent, in more than 90% since 1980. 3) Trichlorethylene, cyclopropane and ethylchloride which had been used since 1961, were abandoned from 1978 except for training purposes. Methoxyflurane was used from 1973 to 1979, but given up there after because of it's nephrotoxicity. The use of halothane has steadily increased(86% of the total inhalation anesthetics) and ethrane has also been used with increasing frequency since 1980. 4) Pancuronium has been used as a primary muscle relaxant instead of gallamine and D-tubocurarine which had been used as the main durgs from 1959 till 1979. 5) Innovar and morphine as intravenous anesthetics, have recently been with increasing grequency.
Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Enflurane ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Halothane ; Inhalation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Methoxyflurane ; Morphine ; Pancuronium ; Thiopental ; Tubocurarine

The effects of skeletal muscle relaxants on skeletal muscle have been well known, but not the effects of these drugs on smooth muscle. In and attempt to study the effects of pancuronium, gallamine, succinylcholine, d-Tubocurrarine on siolated mongrel dog tracheal preparations, the writer has performed a set of experiment, of which results can be summarized as follows: 1) Pancuronium in dose of (r/cc) 3,10,30,100 produced dose dependent relaxation on Acetylcholine contraction. 2) Gallamine in dose of (r/cc) 30,100,300,1000 produced dose dependent relaxation on Acetylcholine contracction. 3) Succinylcholine in dose of (r/cc) 30,100,300,1000 produced dose dependent contraction on Acetylcholine contracction. 4) d-Tubocurarine in does of (r/cc) 30,100,300,1000 produced dose dependent contraction on Acetylcholine contracction. From the results described above, it can be concluded that pancuronium and gallamine had bronchodiating character and succinylcholine and d-Tubocurarine had bronchospastic character. But the clinical application of these results are still obscure.
Acetylcholine* ; Animals ; Dogs* ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neuromuscular Agents ; Pancuronium ; Relaxation ; Succinylcholine ; Tubocurarine

The effects of skeletal muscle relaxants on skeletal muscles have been well known but not the effects of these drugs on smooth muscle. In an attempt to study the relaxation effects and mechanisms of pancuronium on isolated rat jejunal preparations, the writer has perfotmed a set of experiments, of which results can be summarized as follows; 1) The experiments praduced significant dose-dependent relaxation effects on iselated rat jejunal preparations in doses of 3mug, 10mug, 30mug, and 100mug per ml of solution in a bath in the pancuronium case, while the other reIaxants, d-tubocurine, gallamine and succinylcholine, did not have relsxatio effects. 2) The relaxation effects of pancuronium on isolated rat jejonal preparations were not affected when pretreated with adrenergic alpha and beta receptor bloekers or a ganglion blocker (hexamethonium). 3) There were significant increases in the relaxation effects of pancuronium on isolated rat jejunal preparations when pretreated with atropine. 4) There were significant decreases in the contraction effects of acetylcholine when pretreated with pancuronium 30ug/ml From the results described above, it can be coacluded that only pancuronium exerts dose dependent relaxation effects on isolated rat jejunal preparations among the skeletal muscle relaxants studied that there is no relationship between the relaxation effects of isolated rat jejunal preparations and adrenergic alpha and beta receptors. Also there are significant blocking effects of pancuronium on the contraction of isolated rat preparation due to acetylcholine, as we demonstrated with atropine.
Acetylcholine ; Animals ; Atropine ; Baths ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Ganglion Cysts ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neuromuscular Agents ; Pancuronium* ; Rats* ; Relaxation ; Succinylcholine

In the modern practice of general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation is routinely used for controlled ventilation. To facilitating intubation, succinlycholine is the most valuable muscle relaxant. But succinylcholine has many untoward reactions such as elevation of intraocular pressure, increased plasma potassium, increased intragastric pressure, bradycardia and the development of postperative muscle pain, etc. Several attempts have study was intended to determine adequate doses of gallamine triethiodide for endotracheal intubation in patients to avoid the development of bradycardis. The authors measured the heart rate just beofre, immediately after and 5 minutes after intubation. The total number of patients in this study was 67, and the patients were divided into five groups: Group 1: consisting of 10 patients, receiving 1.5 mg/kg of gallamine triethiodide. Group 2: of 10 patients, receiving 2.0 mg/kg of gallamine. Group 3: of 22 patients, receiving 2.5 mg/kg of gallamine. Group 4: of 15 patients, receiving 3.0 mg/kg of gallamine. Group 5: of 10 patients, receiving 3.5 mg/kg of gallamine. The authors tried to choose the least difficult intubation after gallamine triethiodide, the amount administered and the patient's reaction to stimulation. The conclusions are summarized as follows: 1) The adequate dose of gallamine triethiodide for endotracheal intubation is 2.5mg/kg. 2) The duraion of action of gallamine triethiodide is dose dependent. 3) Increase of heart rate in each group is significant after gallamine triethiodide.
Anesthesia, General ; Bradycardia ; Gallamine Triethiodide* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Myalgia ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Succinylcholine ; Ventilation