Purpose: To present a case of a patient diagnosed with idiopathic hemolacria.Case Summary: A healthy 19-year-old man without pre-existing medical conditions presented to the hospital for treatment of intermittent bloody tears from his right eye. The patient reported experiencing bloody tears in his right eye approximately once per month during stressful events for the preceding 6 years. These episodes were associated with ocular pain, right-eye hyperemia, headaches, and nausea. However, these symptoms of bloody tears spontaneously resolved without intervention. Corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 1.0, and the intraocular pressure was 16 mmHg. There were no abnormalities in the ocular appendages, anterior chamber, or eyelids. Nasolacrimal duct probing and irrigation, as well as fundus examination, revealed normal findings. Brain and orbital magnetic resonance imaging did not show abnormalities in the brain or the orbital region, although slight mucosal thickening was present around the right lacrimal gland. Other examinations, including an electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, blood test, and nasal endoscopy, all revealed normal findings. Conclusions Recurrent bloody tears (hemolacria) occurred in the right eye of a 19-year-old man with no history of trauma, intraocular surgery, or underlying medical conditions. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination and brain and orbital magnetic resonance imaging failed to identify any specific abnormalities leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic hemolacria.

A recent understanding of the dynamic continuous spectrum of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has led to the recognition of incipient tuberculosis, which refers to the latent infection state that has begun to progress to active tuberculosis. The importance of early detection of these individuals with a high-risk of progression to active tuberculosis is emphasized to efficiently implement targeted tuberculosis preventive therapy. However, the tuberculin skin test or interferon-γ release assay, which is currently used for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection, does not aid in the prediction of the risk of progression to active tuberculosis. Thus, a novel test is urgently needed. Recently, simultaneous and systematic analysis of differentially expressed genes using a high-throughput platform has enabled the discovery of key genes that may serve potential biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognosis of diseases. This host transcriptional investigation has been extended to the field of tuberculosis, providing promising results. The present review focuses on recent progress and challenges in the field of blood transcriptional signatures to predict progression to active tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the core symptoms of delirium, particularly in elderly people associated with major risk factors, using the Korean version of the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 200 patients (mean age: 72.7±3.9 years, male: 68.5%) who had been diagnosed with delirium. Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the results. RESULTS: The results demonstrated three core domains of delirium in the elderly patients: 1) the cognitive domain (e.g., language, thought process, orientation, attention, long-term memory, and visuospatial ability); 2) the circadian domain (e.g., sleep-wake cycle and motor behavior); and 3) the short-term memory domain (short-term memory). These results were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest a theoretical domain structure for delirium in elderly patients.
Aged* ; Delirium* ; Factor Analysis, Statistical* ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Long-Term ; Memory, Short-Term ; Risk Factors

Electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) has been suggested as a noninvasive diabetic screening tool. We examined the relevance of ESC method for screening type 2 diabetes. A meal tolerance test (MTT) was conducted for 40 diabetic and 42 control subjects stratifi ed by age, sex and body mass index (BMI). The glucose levels and ESC were measured before the MTT and every 30 min after meal intake up to 120 min. There was no correlation between the blood glucose level and ESC (r = 0.249) or ESC variability (ESCV) (r = −0.173). ESC (ESCV) was higher (lower) in diabetic patients than in normal control (p = 0.02 for ESC and p = 0.06 for ESCV). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) values of the ESC and ESCV were 0.654 and 0.691, respectively. The novel variable, ESCV, showed 5.7% higher AUC than ESC. Contrary to some previous reports, ESC values in diabetic patients was higher than in age, sex and BMI matched control group. In our study, ESC or ESCV showed a marginal accuracy to be used as a screening tool for diabetes mellitus.
Area Under Curve ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Meals ; Methods ; ROC Curve ; Skin

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between suicidal ideation and its associated clinical factors among community-dwelling elderly in Korea. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the data obtained from the face to face interviews of 1,500 (mean age : 74.41±6.44, male : 41.0%) elderly people aged 65 or above living in the community. The questionnaire used in this study was composed of detailed questions about the clinical characteristics including sociodemographic, life style, physical status, and psychiatric factors. In order to assess the suicidal ideation, the subjects were asked questions about the suicidal idea in the past year. RESULTS: A total of 156 (10.4%) elderly reported the suicidal ideation over the last year. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant correlation with dissatisfaction with life [odds ratio (OR) 4.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.55-12.60], depression (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.62-5.07), cognitive decline (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.38-4.10), poor perception of health (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.04-5.24), and insomnia (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.31-3.84). CONCLUSION: These results showed the several clinical factors associated with suicidal ideation among community-dwelling elderly living in Korea. The present study suggested the necessity for the various aspects of approach.
Aged* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Geriatric Psychiatry ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prevalence* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Suicidal Ideation*

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention [Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, version IV (SNAP-IV)] and anger [Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger] for parents and guardians of children aged 6–17 years. Methods: We included 104 children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD with anxiety and depression, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (ADHD=41, depression=9, anxiety=14, ADHD+anxious depression=11, tic+somatic symptoms=29). Their ages ranged from 8 years to 15 years. The participants’ mothers completed the SNAP-IV, PROMIS Anger scale, Korean version of the IOWA Conners Rating Scale (K-IOWA), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) so that the reliability and validity of the SNAP-IV and PROMIS Anger scales, which are DSM-5 scales for assessing inattention and anger of children and adolescents, could be examined. Results: The reliability coefficient of SNAP-IV (Cronbach’s α) was 0.94. The correlation coefficients between SNAP-IV, K-IOWA inattention, and K-ARS inattention scores ranged from 0.73 to 0.86. The mean SNAP-IV scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+anxious depression groups were significantly higher than those of the anxiety and the tic+somatic symptoms groups. The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Anger was 0.91. The correlation coefficient between PROMIS Anger and K-IOWA oppositional/defiant scores was 0.75.The PROMIS Anger mean score of the ADHD+anxious depression group tended to be higher than that of the other groups. Conclusion These results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention and anger for parent and guardian of child age 6–17 might be a reliable and valid test and may be useful for screening children and adolescents with ADHD.

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention [Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, version IV (SNAP-IV)] and anger [Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger] for parents and guardians of children aged 6–17 years. Methods: We included 104 children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD with anxiety and depression, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (ADHD=41, depression=9, anxiety=14, ADHD+anxious depression=11, tic+somatic symptoms=29). Their ages ranged from 8 years to 15 years. The participants’ mothers completed the SNAP-IV, PROMIS Anger scale, Korean version of the IOWA Conners Rating Scale (K-IOWA), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) so that the reliability and validity of the SNAP-IV and PROMIS Anger scales, which are DSM-5 scales for assessing inattention and anger of children and adolescents, could be examined. Results: The reliability coefficient of SNAP-IV (Cronbach’s α) was 0.94. The correlation coefficients between SNAP-IV, K-IOWA inattention, and K-ARS inattention scores ranged from 0.73 to 0.86. The mean SNAP-IV scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+anxious depression groups were significantly higher than those of the anxiety and the tic+somatic symptoms groups. The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Anger was 0.91. The correlation coefficient between PROMIS Anger and K-IOWA oppositional/defiant scores was 0.75.The PROMIS Anger mean score of the ADHD+anxious depression group tended to be higher than that of the other groups. Conclusion These results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention and anger for parent and guardian of child age 6–17 might be a reliable and valid test and may be useful for screening children and adolescents with ADHD.