This study was conducted to establish glaucomatous diagnostic criteria and to investigate its sensitivity and specificity with the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope(TopSSTM) on the basis of the normal values of the optic disc parameters in previous study. Abnormal ratio of optic disc parameters were analysed in 80 primary open angle glaucoma eyes - the subjects were divided into three groups according to visual field defects, each group of mild, moderate, and severe. and then glaucomatous diagnostic critera was established. According to this diagnostic criteria, we calculated its sensitivity and specificity. We established the glaucomatous diagnostic criteria with high sensitive five parameters(1/2 depth area, C/D ratio, neuroretinal rim area(NRRA), volume above, and notching), the established criteria are 1) If NRRA is decreased, one of the four parameters is abnormal. 2) If NRRA is normal, notching and one of the other three parameters are abnormal. Notching was defined as decreased neuroretinal area at either 6 o/c or 12 o/c sector. With this criteria, the sensitivity was 89.7% in mild group and 100% in moderate and severe groups and the specificity was 89.1% in normal groups. This criteria showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of glaucoma, so as to be useful in the early detection of glaucomatous spticdisc changes.
Diagnosis ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Ophthalmoscopes* ; Reference Values ; Sensitivity and Specificity* ; Visual Fields

No Abstract Available.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Rats*

We assessed the best method for preschool vision screening using four visual acuity charts. The subjects were 162 childrens(324 eyes), who were divided into all aged group(162 childrens), 3-year-old group(58 childrens), 4-year-old group(58 childrens) and 5-year-old group(46 childrens), We compared Hahn's test, HOTV test, Allen figures and E test by measuring the time required for test, the percentage of children testable with each chart, visual acuity score and consistency of score. There was no significant differences among the time of each group(p>0.05). Visual acuity score with Hahn's test was lower than that of the rest 3 tests in all aged group and 3-year-old group(p<0.05). The percentage of children testable with Hahn's test was lower than that with the other tests(p<0.05). For assessing the consistency, analysis of variance was used. E test was more variable than the other test and Allen figures showed most consistency than the other tests(p<0.05). In young chidren, there were some difficulties in measuring visual acuity with Hahn's test, and the E test caused variable results because of difficulty in distinguishing the left-right orientation, but relatively Allen figures showed consistency, high visual acuity and testability in all groups.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Vision Screening* ; Visual Acuity*

Joubert syndrome is the very rare autosomal recessive disorder which is including agenesis of cerebellar vermis, respiratory discomfort, ocular motor apraxia, hereditary retinal dystrophy, ataxia and developmental retardation. To diagnose, the findings of electroretinography and visual evoked potential study can be useful and hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis in brain MRI can make certain diagnosis. We found ocular motor apraxia without head thrusts in 4-month little baby can't even control his head and neck, and then his electroretinography and visual evoked potential study was normal and there was agenesis of cerebellar vermis by MRI finding. So he was diagnosed as Joubert syndrome with ocular motor apraxia. Agenesis of cerebellar vermis is considered to be one of the causes of oculomotor apraxia, and the clinical presentation varies with the age and motor development of the child. So, we describe this case with a brief review of the literatures related to this disease.
Apraxias* ; Ataxia ; Brain ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Electroretinography ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Head* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Retinal Dystrophies

Ocular ischemic syndrome is a disorder which includes the ocular symptoms and signs secondary to marked carotid artery occlusion, and typically occurs in elderly men. The ocular signs are unilateral injected eye with corneal edema, anterior uveitis, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma and cataract. On ophthalmologic examinations, unilateral venous dilation, narrowed retinal arteries, equatorial dot-blot hemorrhage and disc or retinal neovasculization are oftenly noted. The characteristic angiographic findings are delayed choroidal and retinal circulations associated with ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. We have experienced a case of ocular ischemic syndrome with neovascular glaucoma, who is 61 year old man with right ocular pain and visual disturbance. Angiographic examinations revealed nearly total occlusion of ipsilateral proximal internal carotid artery.
Aged ; Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cataract ; Choroid ; Corneal Edema ; Glaucoma, Neovascular* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Artery ; Retinaldehyde ; Uveitis, Anterior

Malignant glaucoma is a disease process in which entire anterior chamber becomes uniformly shallow and elevates intraocular pressure. Classically, this has been described as limited to cases occurring following glaucoma surgery. Subsequently, association with trauma, inflammation, and the use of miotic agents, as well as spontaneous occurrence have also been noted. We have experienced one case of bilateral malignant glaucoma associated with ciliochoroidal detachment which was detected by ultrasoundbiomi-croscopy in a 55-year-old male. The episode followed the use of a strong miotic(pilocarpine hydrochloride 4%) and laser iridotomy for acute angle closure glaucoma. We report this case with review of available literature.
Anterior Chamber ; Glaucoma* ; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Middle Aged

While elevated intraocular pressure[IOP] is associated with myopia in adults, its potential influence on the growth of eyes in juveniles is controversial. To address this issue, an possible relation between IOP and refraction in children was sought. IOP and refractive state were measured in one hundred sixty-eight eyes of children. For data analysis, myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of more than 1 diopter of myoia. We compared the intraocular pressure difference between myopia and non-myopia. There were eighty-seven eyes with myopic children and eighty-one with non-myopic children. The mean age was 10.08+/-3.12 years in myopic children and 7.94+/-3.31 years in non-myopic. The mean age of myopic children was older than non-myopic children. The mean spherical refractive error of all subjects was -1.98+/-2.47 diopter; -2.82+/-1.89 diopters, myopia, and 0.16+/-1.12diopters, non-myopia. The mean IOP of all subjects was 15.01+/-2.67mmHg ; 16.47+/-3.36mmHg, myopic, and 14.26+/-2.08mmHg, non-myopic[p<0.05]. These results indicate that IOP in children may be higher in myopic eyes than in non-myopic eyes. Whether IOP could contribute to the mechanisms causing the eye growth of childhood myopia requires further study.
Adult ; Child* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Myopia* ; Refractive Errors ; Statistics as Topic

A 37-year-old patient visited the clinic with driness of eyes and 3 brown colored free-floating cyst was found in his right anterior chamber incidentally. Bilateral ciliary body cyst were also detected by ultrasound biomicroscopy. Stool examination was positive for Metagonimus yokogawai. The cyst was removed through clear cornea incision. Histopathologically, the wall of the cyst. was composed of old red blood cells and fibrotic tissue. It was speculated that a ciliary body cyst. was disloged by blunt trauma and moved into the anterior chamber.
Adult ; Anterior Chamber* ; Ciliary Body* ; Cornea ; Erythrocytes ; Heterophyidae ; Humans ; Microscopy, Acoustic

It is well documented that increased corneal thickness leads to artificially high estimations of intraocular pressure(IOP) measured with applanation tonometer. To evaluate the influence of central corneal thickness on IOPs measured with non-contact tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer and on the IOP discrepancies between two tonometer according to corneal thickness, the IOPs and central corneal thickness of 96 eyes of 48 persons who visited to have their high IOPs evaluated were measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer, non-contact tonometr(CT-50, Topcon, Japan), and corneal pachometer(Humphrey ultrasonic pachometer-850). IOPs measured with each tonometer showed statistically significant linear correlation(p<0.001), IOP rises as the corneal thickness increases(p<0.001), IOPs measured with non-contact tonometer were higher than those measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer(p<0.001), but there were no significant differences between the IOP discrepancies of each tonometer according to corneal thickness, and between the IOP and age in a consistant corneal thickness(p>0.1). In conclusion, the central corneal thickness must be considered in estimating IOP and the IOP differences measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer and non-contact tonometer were not statistifically significantly increased as the corneal thickness increased.
Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Ultrasonics

We analysed the optic nerve head of 151 normal eyes with 8 confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TopSSTM, Laser Diagnostic Technologies, Inc.), and obtained the normal values of each parameters. As the optic disc size increases, the cup shape, effective area, 1/2 depth area, C/D ratio, neuroretinal rim area, volume above, volume below, and 1/2 depth volume also increase. Therefore we obtained the normal values of these parameters according to the optic disc size. The entire subjects were divided into four groups according to the disc area, each group of 1. 5mm2-2.0mm2, 2.0mm2-2.5mm2, 2.5mm2-3.0mm2, and 3.0mm2-3.5mm2`, respectively. The normal values of other parameters such as contour variation, rnean contour depth, average depth, maximum depth, average slope, and maximum slope which are not affected by optic disc size were obtained without grouping. This may minimize the error in evaluating the optic disc parameters and may be useful in the early detection of glaucomatous optic disc changes.
Ophthalmoscopes ; Optic Disk ; Reference Values*