Determining the cause of death (COD) is important not only as personal information, but also as social statistical data. An autopsy is the gold standard for investigating death and determining the COD. CODs determined by an autopsy in countries with low autopsy rates, such as Korea, can serve as important data in constructing nationwide statistics. We compared and analyzed cases of CODs corresponding with the same cases of cardiovascular disease determined by autopsy and CODs from Statistics Korea. Among autopsies performed in Korea during 2015, the present study selected 1,920 cases of cardiovascular disease as the COD and analyzed 1,468 of those that could be confirmed by Statistics Korea. Main CODs included ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, aortic aneurysm and dissection, pulmonary embolism, and esophageal varix. Among these, COD by autopsy was confirmed with Statistics Korea data in more than 90% of cases involving acute myocardial infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and aortic aneurysm and dissection, whereas cases involving ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death, pulmonary embolism, and esophageal varix showed a relatively wide variety of CODs from Statistics Korea. It is believed that forensic autopsies should be effectively reflected for more accurate COD statistics. Thus, final CODs from Statistics Korea should be determined based on careful discussions between the forensic pathologist and staff in charge at Statistics Korea, and a systematic upgrade that would allow for reconfirmation of the final COD is necessary.
Animals ; Aortic Aneurysm ; Autopsy* ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Cause of Death* ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Gadiformes ; Humans ; Korea ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on growth performance and humoral immune response of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.). One thousand and two hundred large yellow croakers [initial average weight: (162.75+/-23.85) g] were divided into four groups and reared in floating sea cages (3 m x 3 m x 3 m). The animals were fed with 4 diets: basal diet only (control) or diets supplemented with 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) FPH. The results show that dietary FPH levels significantly influenced the growth and immunity of the large yellow croaker. Compared with the control group, total weight gain (TWG) in all treatment groups, relative weight gain (RWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH were significantly increased (P<0.05). Similar results were observed in immune parameters [lysozyme activity, serum complements, immunoglobulin M (IgM)]. Lysozyme activity, complement C4 and IgM were also significantly increased (P<0.05) in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH, while complement C3 level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in all treatment groups. In general, with the supplementation of FPH, particularly at dose of 10%, the growth performance and immunity of the large yellow croaker can be improved effectively.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; drug effects ; immunology ; Dietary Supplements ; Fish Products ; Gadiformes ; metabolism ; Perciformes ; growth & development ; immunology ; Protein Hydrolysates ; administration & dosage