~3H-Clonidine, a potent and selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist was used to label alpha2-a-drenoceptors in intact lymphocytes isolated from rat spleen. Binding of ~3H-Clo-nidine was rapid(t1/2: 2min)and readily reversed by 10umol?L~(-1) clonidine(t1/2: 3-4min). ~3H-Clonidine saturationexperiments indicated a single c1ass of site with a K_D of 6.57?1.63nM and Bmax of 72.4?13.4 fmol/10~7 lymphocytes. Adrenergic agonists competed for ~3H-clonidine binding site with anorder of potency:epinephrine)norepinephrine)isoproterenol. These results show the presence ofalpha2-adrenoceptors in splenic lymphocytes. Computer analysis of competition experiments withadrenergic agonists revealed three classes of sites: high affinity site, medium affinity site and lowaffinity site. The affinity of high affinity site is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the one ofmedium affinity site, whereas the latter is the same orders higher than low affinity site Using im-proved Mishell-Dutton method, 10umol?L~(-1) clonidine suppressed the Ig M synthesis and thesuppression was blocked by 10 umol?L~(-1) phentolamine. These results indicate the suppression ofIg M antibody response to SRBC in vitro by clonidine is mediated by the alpha-adrenoceptors.

Objective To quantify the temporal changes in the volume of blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg during static maximum inspiratory breath-holding of different durations.Methods Blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg were continuously measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in 12 healthy subjects.They were randomly selected to hold their breath for 10,20 or 40 seconds,or as long as possible.The volume of skin blood flow,the onset latency and the recovery latency were measured before,during and after the breath holding.Results Blood flow decreased significantly during each breath-hold with any durations.The magnitude of the decrease and its latencies were similar with all the durations.The average volume of skin blood flow and it's minimum value during each breath-hold were significantly lower in the forearms than in the lower legs.However,the average onset latency (4.41 ±0.44 s) and the average recovery latency (5.95 ±0.59 s) in the forearms were significantly shorter than in the lower legs (4.83 ± 0.70 s for onset and 7.33 ± 0.91 s for recovery).Conclusion The volume of skin blood flow decreases during a static maximum inspiratory breath-hold,and the magnitude of the increase is not related to the duration of the breath-hold.The generalized increase in skin sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity during a static breath-hold is greater in the forearm than in the lower leg.

Objective To study the relationship of Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection degree with serum pepsinogen(PG)and the tumor markers related with gastric cancer .Methods Totally 342 cases of health physical check‐up in our hospital from January to June 2015 were selected .13 C‐UBT was performed to evaluate the Hp infection and infection severitys .The level of serum PG was detected by ELSIA and the levels of tumor markers were detected by luminescence immunoassay .Then the results were statistically analyzed with the SPSS statistical software .Results The positive rate of Hp in 342 research subjects was 49 .42% ,and there was no difference between the male and the female groups(P>0 .05) .The level of serum pepsinogen Ⅰ (PGⅠ )and pepsinogen Ⅱ (PGⅡ)in the Hp(+ + )and Hp(+ + + )groups was significantly higher than that in the Hp negative group ,while the PGⅠ /PGⅡ lev‐el was significantly lower than that in the negative group (P<0 .05) .The level of carbohydrate antigen 724(CA724)and carcino‐em‐bryonic antigen(CEA)had the statistical difference between the Hp(+ + + ) group and the Hp negative group(P= 0 .040 ,P=0 .010) .The Pearson correlation analysis displayed that Hp infection was related with PG Ⅰ ,PGⅡ ,PGⅠ /PGⅡ ,CA724 and CEA . There was a positive correlation between PG Ⅱ and CA50)(r=0 .116 ,P=0 .032);there was a negative correlation between PG Ⅰ /PGⅡ and CA50(r= -0 .193 ,P=0 .000) .Conclusion The combined detection of Hp ,PG and tumor markers could be used as one of methods for screening benign and malignant gastric diseases in the healthy physical check‐up population ,which has an important value for the prevention and intervention of related disease occurrence and development .

Objective: To establish a method for determining the content of dracorhodin as an indicator in the quality control with methodological studies to provide basis for the preparation process study of Qilisan gel. Methods: An HPLC method was used with a DiamonsilR C18 (250 mm ×4. 6 mm, 5 μm) column, the detection wavelength was set at 440 nm and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Acetonitrile-0. 05 mol·L-1 sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (45 ∶ 55) was used as the mobile phase, and the flow rate was l. 0 ml·min-1 . Results: The content of dracorhodin was in a good linear relationship (r =0. 999 6) within the range of 1. 632-64. 250 μg·ml-1 , and the average recovery was 99. 02%(RSD =0. 77%, n =6). The number of theoretical plates was calculated as 7 100 according to the dracorhodin perchlorate peak without any interference from the negative sample. Conclusion: The method is objective, accurate and sensitive with high reliability, easy operation and fast process. The measurement results can be used as the quality control basis for the preparation process study of Qilisan gel.

OBJECTIVETo study the processing technics of prepared slice of Rhizoma Dioscoreae for its industrial production.

METHODThe effect factors, such as stiring temperature (60, 80, 100 degrees C), stiring time (10, 20, 30 min) and the proportion of pieces and wheat bran (100: 5, 100: 10, 100: 15) were evaluated by orthogonal method. The content of allantoin in Rhizoma Dioscoreae was determine by HPLC method.

RESULTThe amount of wheat bran could affect the content of allation significantly, and stiring temperature and stiring time almost had no effect on content of allantoin. The processing technics was tested by industrial produce, according to 11 batches from 4 growing regions. The result showed that the quality of industrial product was stable.

CONCLUSIONThat the amount of wheat bran can affect the quality of Rhizoma Dioscoreae greatly. The determined technics is simple and suitable for prepared slice of Rhizoma Dioscoreae industrival manufacture.

Allantoin ; analysis ; Dietary Fiber ; analysis ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

OBJECTIVETo perfect the current standard of Rhizoma Diosoreae and Rhizoma Diosoreae stir-baked with bran by improving quality standards of the two processed pieces.

METHODThe quality standards were established according to 9 batches of processed pieces, separately. The standards contains items of identification, water, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, extractives, heavy metals limit, organochlorine limit, microbial limit and assay.

RESULTThe TLC of the two pieces was characteristed. The contents of acid-insoluble ash in the two pieces were increased, not more than 0.5%, 0.3%, respectively. The content limits of five kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements, two kinds of residual organochlorine pesticides and three microbial limits were increased. There were no more than 2 x 10(-7) of lead, 2 x 10(-7) of cadmium, 1 x 10(-5) of copper, 3 x 10(-7) of arsenic, 1 x 10(-7) of mercury, 1 x 10(-7) of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) and 1 x 10(-7) of chlorophenothane (DDT) in the two processed pieces, respectively. There were no more than 2 000 and 600 cfu x mL(-1) in the two pieces, respectively and no more than 30 MPN x 100 g(-1) and fungi can not be tested in the two pieces. The contents of allantoin in the two pieces were no more than 0.15%.

CONCLUSIONThis method is simple and suitable for the quality control of the two processed pieces.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; standards ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Dioscorea ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; chemistry

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa, some of which will develop into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the pathogenesis of OLP remains unknown, but autoimmunity has been suggested as a potential cause. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small noncoding RNAs, have been reported to be involved in a series of physiological events as well as the progression of diseases. The evidence indicates that miRNAs may be highly related to both the initiation and malignant progression of OLP. MiR-146a, miR-26b, miR-155, miR-19a and miR-125a are able to trigger OLP by regulating autoimmunity, and miR-137, miR-125b, and miR-27b may accelerate the carcinogenesis of OLP. These miRNAs may be potential targets for prognosis and treatment. Subsequent studies are expected to focus on a more comprehensive exploration of the role of miRNAs in OLP (including specific action pathways and other OLP-related miRNAs), as well as the potential for miRNAs to predict the treatment outcome of OLP. This review provides an updated summary of the roles of miRNAs in OLP to provide new ideas and approaches to OLP research.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of auricular acupoint application in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome(BMS). Methods: A total of 155 patients diagnosed with BMS were randomly divided into the auricular acupoint application group (50 patients), drug treatment group (55 patients), and auricular acupoint application combined with drug treatment group (50 patients). One month represented one course of treatment. The changes in pain intensity were evaluated before treatment as well as one month and three months after treatment. Results: The VAS scores in the auricular acupoint application group (t=8.949), the drug treatment group (t=10.52) and the auricular acupoint application combined with drug treatment group (t=19.33) all decreased 1 month after treatment, with a statistically significant difference compared with the scores before treatment (P < 0.01). The VAS scores of the auricular acupoint application combined with drug treatment group decreased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the scores in the drug treatment group (t=3.91, P=0.000 2). 3 months after treatment, the VAS scores of the three group decreased compared with that before treatment, but increased compared with that 1 month after treatment, and the VAS score of the drug treatment group increased most obviously, but the difference was not statistically significant compared with that of the auricular acupoint application group (t=2.047, P=0.043), other pairwise comparison differences were not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in VAS score in the auricular acupoint application group (t=1.752) and in the drug treatment group (t=0.174) compared with that before treatment (P > 0.05). Compared with before treatment, the VAS score in the auricular acupoint application combined with drug treatment group also decreased significantly (t=3.282, P < 0.05). Conclusion Auricular point application is a safe and effective treatment for burning mouth syndrome, and the long-term effect is better when combined with drugs.

Objective: To observe the clinical effects of auricular point therapy on burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and its effect on the psychological state of patients and plasma β-endorphin. Methods : A total of 105 patients diagnosed with BMS were randomly divided into an auricular acupoint application group (50 cases) and a drug treatment group (55 cases). The treatment course lasted one month. The patients in the auricular acupoint application group selected 3 points on their tongue, heart and Shenmen through traditional Chinese medical dialectics used for patients with BMS. Wangbuliu seeds were applied, two ears were pressed alternately and one ear was applied each time. The patient was instructed to press the treatment site three times a day, 1-2 min each time, until the auricle skin became reddish and hot. The patients in the drug treatment group took vitamin E 100 mg+oryzanol 10 mg+vitamin B2 10 mg orally three times a day. Before and after treatment, the pain intensity and mental and psychological state of the patients were evaluated. The patient's plasma was detected before and after β-endorphin treatment. Results: The pain sensation intensity of the two groups decreased after treatment (P<0.001). After treatment, the scores of somatization (t = 2.118, P = 0.037), fear (t = 2.084, P = 0.039) and diet and sleep (t = 2.047, P = 0.043) in the auricular acupoint application group were significantly improved compared with the level before treatment. The level of β-endorphin in plasma was increased, and the difference was statistically significant (t = 2.247, P = 0.027) in the auricular acupoint application group after treatment. Conclusion Auricular point therapy is an effective method for patients with BMS, improving psychological state and promoting the synthesis of plasma β-endorphin may be one of its mechanisms.

Oral lichenoid drug reactions (OLDRs) are inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa caused by the use of specific drugs in sensitive individuals and are classified as oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs). Its clinical and pathological manifestations do not have significant specificity compared to other types of OLL. Various types of drugs have been reported to induce OLDR, including antihypertensive drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, antipsychotics, and immunosuppressants, among other drugs. Apart from local or systemic administrate glucocorticoids, the most effective treatment measure is to stop using suspicious drugs. Most patients can achieve significant relief from mucosal ulcers and erosion, but white lines may still remain. OLDR has been widely reported in the literature. However, due to a lack of systematic understanding, we do not have a recognized standard for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. There are still doubts about the causal relationship between related drugs and oral lichen-like lesions. In response to the abovementioned problems, we searched the literature on drug-related oral lichen planus and lichen-like lesions at home and abroad over the past 20 years, most of which were case reports and only a few of which were case-control studies. This article describes the current research status of lichenoid lesions from four perspectives: concepts, suspicious drugs, clinical and pathological manifestations, and treatment prognosis. We hope to provide a theoretical reference for the prevention, diagnosis, and clinical treatment of related lichenoid lesions. A literature review demonstrated that there are still many unclear issues related to the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and treatment, treatment prognosis, and other aspects of this disease, and further clinical and basic research is needed for in-depth exploration.