Objective: To explore refractive development of primary school students in Jinshan district of Shanghai during the past five years. Methods: A total of 201 first grade pupils enrolled in 2013 were followed up for 5 years. Annual examination of non-cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) was implemented and analyzed. Results: The mean spherical equivalents (SEs) of boys at each grade was (0.22±0.53)(-0.04±0.64)(-0.36±0.92)(-0.74±1.23)(-1.14±1.67)D, respectively; for girls, (0.26±0.88)(-0.03±1.02)(-0.28±1.02)(-0.64±1.32)(-1.13±1.65)D, respectively. The mean ALs of boys at each grade was (22.94±0.60)(23.13±0.68)(23.45±0.69)(23.65±0.81)(24.03±0.93)mm, respectively and was (22.40±0.67)(22.67±0.70)(22.95±0.74)(23.14±0.79)(23.59±0.90)mm for girls at each grade, respectively. There were negative correlations between dioptres and ALs in each grade(r=-0.26, -0.35, -0.41, -0.53, -0.59, P<0.05). Conclusion The dioptre and AL among primary school students in Jinshan district of Shanghai increased gradually and results in developing into myopia. The dioptre negatively associates with AL, which should be both paid attention to among primary school students.