Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a condition biochemically characterized by the combination of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia and acidemia. The extracellular concentration of glucose and ketone bodies in human body can respectively increase 5 and 20 times as more as usual, and the pH of arterial blood can decrease below 7.0. Accumulation of gluccse, ketone bodies and hydrogen must be due to the imbalance of the rate of production, ulilization, and excretion of these substance. In DKA, the metabolism of several hormones and substances is probably involved in the initiation and maintenance of ketone body over-production. At present, 14 patients with DKA have been investigated and it has been found that relative insulin deficiency appears to be necessary, and the excess production of growth hormone, glucagon and catecholamincs (the urine adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured) may be also important in the pathogenesis of DKA.

0.05). The operation time in the intertrochanteric fracture group was significantly longer than the femoral neck fracture group (P

OBJECTIVE To improve the standardized management of medical waste disposal and prevent the spread of the disease to protect the human health.METHODS Establishing hospital monitoring committee of medical waste through the director of hospitce as the first responsible figure.The management system and education training for all levels staffs and inspection were established.RESULTS By making the management measures scientific and effective,it was praised by many patients and social departments for providing good diagnosing environment.CONCLUSIONS Improving the standardized management of medical waste disposal is an important messure to secure the prevention of hospital cross-infection and improve the quality of medical care.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have considered the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the function following total knee replacement (TKR), but the cases were few and follow-up time is short in most of them.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the function outcome influenced by BMI after TKR. METHODS: A total of 320 osteoarthritis patients who were admitted in Department of Bone and Joint at Peking University People's Hospital, were involved in this study. They all received primary knee joint patellar resurfacing, including both knees replacement in 200 case of 520 knees, left 219 and right 301. The involved 320 patients underwent primary TKR performed by a single surgeon with the same type of prosthesis (Scorpio posterior stable prosthesis). The patients were divided into four groups based on obesity (overweight group, BMI 25.1-27.0 kg/m2; obese group, BMI 27.1-30.0 kg/m2; morbidly obese group, BMI > 30 kg/m2; control group, BMI < 25 kg/m2). According to the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) rating scale, their knee score and functional scores were recorded before replacement and at follow-ups, as well as maximal range of flexion and extension, complications. Preoperative and postoperative assessment was based on the HSS score. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 320 patients received clinical recheck at 28.3 months (range 12-46 months). Compared with control group, patients in overweight, obese and morbidly obese groups had lower preoperative functional score (P < 0.05), but knee scores were not significantly different for any patient group. The postoperative mean HSS score of all the groups rose significantly at the last follow-up. These differences were not statistically significant among groups (P > 0.05). The rate of perioperative complications was significantly higher in the obese and morbidly obese patients (P < 0.05). Of the 181 knees in obese and morbidly obese patients, 14 knees (9.2%) had a wound complication, 1 knee (0.5%) had an infection, and 2 knees (1.3%) had an avulsion of the medial collateral ligament. The infected case developed within ten weeks after the operation, and was associated with a wound complication. Among 266 knees in the overweight patients, 6 knees (2.3%) had a wound complication. There was 1 knee (1%) of the 81 knees in the control group had a wound complication. No death or pulmonary embolism cases were observed in perioperative period. It is suggested that BMI has no obvious influence on the functional outcome following TKR in the short-term.

Objective:To investigate the association between anxiety and the change of humoral immune functions and its correlation with HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms.Methods:Total 31 resident doctors were selected randomly and tested by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI).IgG,IgA,IgM,complement C3 and complement C4 were detected with BECKMAN array360 system;HLA-DQB1*02、*03、*04、*05 and*06 alleles were individually amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)using exon2 group-specific primers.The correlation between immune function and HLA-DQB1 polgmorphisms were investigated.Results:Statistical analysis showed that there was positive correlation with State Anxiety (Ta) and complement C3,either Trait Anxiety (Tc) and complement C3.There was significant difference between HLA-DQB1*02 positive and negative in Ta (P＜0.05),while no difference in complement C3(P＞0.05).There was significant difference between HLA-DQB1*04 positive and negative in Ta and Tc(P＜0.05),while no difference in complement C3(P＞0.05).Conclusion:Anxiety could change some humoral immune functions and this is related with HLA-DQB1 polymorphism.

Of 807 Cases of Diabetes mellitus, 100 were ketoacidosis with or with-ot coma(40 Cases among them with coma), 55 were males, 45 females. Therange of age was 5 to 76 years. There were 39 cases of ketonemia with ju-venile diabetes, and the incidence was 29. 5 per cent of 137 cases. 61 werefound to have ketonemia with adult dialetes, the incidence being 10. 2 percent of 594 cases. Blood glucose level was 166. 7 to 1000mg/dl. The mostcommon precipitating causcs of ketonemia were infection and the dis-continue of insulin treatment(58 per cent). According to the dosage of insu-lin, our patients were divided into two groups. One was a small dosagegroup(the total mean dose 25. 5 ? 3. 1 u), the other was a large dosage group(the first 8 hours' mean dose 121. 67 ? 102u, the fitst 24 hours' mean dose206. 62 ? 18. 01) There were on death and severe complications of insulintherapy in the small dosage group, but 13 (16 per cent) were died in thelarge dosage group, in which there took place such complications as hypo-kele mia(11 per cent), hypoglycemia (26 per cent) and encephaledema (3. 8per cent). Also, the negative acetone bodies occured faster in the smalldosage group. For this reason, we consider the effect of the treatment inthe small dosage group was better. Recently, we have controlled alkelidosage more strictly than before. 100-200ml of 4% Bicarbonate was givento the patient if the blood CO_2 combinedpower was lower than 20 Vol pe,

In this paper the investigation of using a new method-ABC-ELISA in assay of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease are presented. The sensitivity of ABC-ELISA is compared with that of standard ELISA; Its reliability is proven by the methods of detecting TSAb with FRTL-5. TRAb is detected by ABC-ELISA in 91% of untreated Graves'. TRAb is detected by Standard ELISA in 70% of untreated Graves'. The results of ABC-ELISA in 26 untreated Graves' are equal to that of the method of detecting TSAb with FRTL-5. Therefore, we consider that ABC-ELISA is a sensitive, reproducible, convenient method applicable to clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Critical organ hypofunction and complications are common in elderly patients, so perioperative treatment becomes important for the success of total knee replacement (TKR).OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical perioperative complications of TKR in the patients over 70 years old. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis of case data was performed at First Hospital of Gannan Medical University and People's Hospital of Peking University from January to December 2002.PARTICIPANTS: 109 patients (168 knees), including 29 males and 80 females, underwent TKR. Of them, 50 underwent single knee surgery, aged (74.2±15.1) years (range 70-85 years), and 59 underwent bilateral knee surgery, aged (73.4±13.2) years (range 70-85 years). In addition, 92 cases (84.4%) were obesity, and 88 were complicated by internal diseases. METHODS: The surgery was performed by the same operator. All patients underwent patellar replacement with Scorpio posterior stable knee prosthesis. Knee anterior median incision and medial patellar approach was applied, and anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were excised during the surgery, osteophyma and corpus liberum of posterior articular capsule were cleared. Patellofemoral joint track was tested until meeting the requirements. The prosthesis was fixed using antibiotics mixed with bone cement, and the incision was sutured at flexed position.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Early complications following replacement; knee joint and functional evaluation.RESULTS: During surgery and 24 hours after replacement, 8 cases developed hypertension, 7 cases hypotension, and 6 cases arrhythmia. All patients safely passed the perioperative period under treatment of related departments. One case developed pulmonary embolism, 1 case deep infection, 3 cases pulmonary infection, 5 cases urinary system infection, 1 case rapid reduction of platelet caused by Subining, 1 case cognitive disturbance, and 1 case dislocation of knee joint (Charcot arthritis). According to standards of HSS, the knee joint scores were significantly improved from 26.1 prior to replacement to 82.0 at discharge, and function scores were significantly improved from 32.1 prior to replacement to 89.1 at discharge. During 12.4-month follow-up (range 3-22 months), 18 cases lost the follow up; the retention rate was 83.5%. Of 91 retention patients, knee pain disappeared or relieved, restored self-care ability, and no prosthesis loosening or infection was found. At the final follow up, the HSS knee joint scores were significantly improved from 82.0 at discharge to 85.4, and function scores were improved from 89.1 at discharge to 92.3 at discharge.CONCLUSION: Skilled operative technique and positive treatment of complication can effectively prevent perioperative infection, dislocation and other complications following total knee replacement.