OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of systematic self-management education on quality of life, anxiety and depression of patients with Type 2 diabetes in communities. METHODS: A total of 248 patients with Type 2 diabetes from 10 communities of Changsha from February 2009 to July 2010 were randomized into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group received systematic self-management education, while the controls received routine community education. The quality of life, anxiety and depression were measured by adjusted diabetes-specific quality of life scale (A-DQOL), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) respectively. RESULTS: The quality of life, morbidity of anxiety or depression of the intervention and the control group were comparable at the baseline (P>0.05). One and half year later, there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the intervention group got better quality of life (P<0.01), less morbidity of anxiety (8.94% vs. 44.4%, P<0.01) and depression (23.58% vs. 56.00%, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Systematic self-management education can effectively improve the quality of life, reduce the level of anxiety and depression of patients with Type 2 diabetes in communities, which deserves further generalization.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anxiety ; etiology ; psychology ; Depression ; etiology ; psychology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; psychology ; Female ; Health Education ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Self Care ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of systematic self-management education on blood sugar level of patients in the community with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 248 patients with type 2 diabetes from 10 communities of Changsha were randomized into intervention or control groups in February 2009. The intervention group received systematic self-management education, while the other received routine community education. Before and after intervention, fasting plasma glucose, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured, and evaluated between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Fasting plasma glucose, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels of patients with diabetes from the two groups were generally comparable at baseline (P>0.05). After the intervention, these three indicators were all statistically significant between the 2 groups (P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). After intervention, blood sugar levels in the intervention group were obviously improved (P<0.01), while in the control group, fasting plasma glucose was not statistically improved (P>0.05), 2 h plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were improved (P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Systematic self-management education effectively encourages patients with type 2 diabetes to control their blood sugar levels, and deserves further promotion.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; therapy ; Female ; Health Education ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Education as Topic ; methods ; Self Care ; methods ; Self Report

Objective Less surveys on the economic burden of hepatitis B (HB)-related diseases have been conducted in China,so the socioeconomic harm caused by the diseases is not clear and the key parameters for economic evaluation of hepatitis B prevention and treatment are lacking.This study aimed to analyze the direct,indirect and intangible expenditures of hospitalized patients with HB-related diseases during hospitalization and during a year in different areas of China.Methods The hospitals for infectious diseases and the large general hospitals in 12 areas in China were selected in the study.All the inpatients with HB-related diseases were surveyed by cluster sampling of consecutive cases.The direct expenditure included direct medical cost and direct non-medical cost.The indirect expenditure,including work loss of patients and caregivers,were calculated by using human capital method for urban and rural populations in 12 areas.The intangible expenditure were reflected by willing to pay and stochastic tournament.The influencing factors of direct and indirect costs were identified by stepwise linear multi-variation regression analysis.Results A total of 27 hospitals in 12 areas were included in the survey.A total of 4 718 cases were surveyed,the overall response rate was 77.7％.The average hospital stay was 29.2 days (27-34) and the hospitalization expenditure was averagely 16 832.80 yuan (RMB) per case,in which the highest proportion (61.2％)was medicine fees [10 365.10 yuan (RMB)].The average direct expenditure and indirect expenditure were consistent with the severity of illness,which were 18 336.10 yuan (RMB) and 4 759.60 yuan (RMB) respectively,with the ratio of 3.85:1.The direct medical expenditure [17 434.70 yuan (RMB)] were substantially higher than the direct non-medical expenditure [901.40 yuan (RMB)].It was found that the hospitalization expenses was highest in direct medical expenditure and the transportation expenses was highest in direct non-medical expenditures.Among the average indirect expenditure,the loss of income for the patients [3 832.50 yuan (RMB)] was higher than that for the caregivers [927.20 yuan (RMB)],The total direct and indirect expenditure was highest for liver transplantation,followed by severe hepatitis,hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensated cirrhosis,acute hepatitis B,compensated cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B.The influencing factors for both direct and indirect expenditure were high hospital level,severity of hepatitis B,living in urban area,antiviral therapy,long hospitalization and monthly income of family.For average 3.74 outpatient visits and 1.51 hospitalization,the average annual direct,indirect and intangible expenditure for HB-related diseases were 30 135.30,6 253.80 and 44 729.90 yuan (RMB) [totally 81 119.00 yuan (RMB)],accounting for 37.3％,7.7％ and 55.0％,respectively.Of the annual direct medical expenditure [28 402.80 yuan (RMB)],which were much higher than non-medical expenditure [1 732.50 yuan (RMB)],hospitalization expenditure [26 074.20 yuan (RMB)] was higher than outpatient visit expenditure [4 061.10 yuan (RMB)].The annual indirect expenditures for outpatient visit and hospitalization were 763.60 and 5 490.10 yuan (RMB),respectively.Of the annual intangible expenditure,the highest was that for/primary hepatocellular carcinoma,followed by cirrhosis,chronic hepatitis B,severe hepatitis B,liver transplantation and acute hepatitis B.Conclusions A heavy economic burden has been caused by HB-related diseases in China,and patients are more likely to rely on medical service rather than non-medical service.It is necessary to take effective treatment measures to prevent the adverse outcome of HB related diseases and achieve significant economic benefits.The influence of HB related diseases on mental health of the people can be reflected by an economics term,intangible expenditure.