Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating effects on patients′ physical and mental health. Autophagy is widely involved in various physiological and pathological processes of the body and plays a key role in spinal cord injury. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the main regulator of autophagy. mTOR regulation of autophagy is closely related to the pathological process of spinal cord injury, and can effectively promote the recovery of spinal cord injury. Therefore, mTOR is a promising target for treatment of spinal cord injury. This article reviews the role of mTOR signal transduction pathway in the regulation of autophagy in spinal cord injury, in order to provide reference for follow-up research.

Amblyopia is a condition in which the best-corrected visual acuity is less than the age-appropriate visual a-cuity or is two or more lines worse than the fellow eye,due to form deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction dur-ing visual immaturity.In 2022,the American Academy of Ophthalmology updated the treatment recommendations in the Preferred Practice Pattern(PPP).In 2021,the Chinese Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus published the Expert Consensus on Prevention and Treatment of Amblyopia in Children(2021).This article compares and analyzes the PPP 2022,the Amblyopia Preferred Practice Pattern 2017 and the Chinese Expert Consensus 2021,focusing on the up-dates of the new version of the PPP in terms of treatment,as well as the differences between China and foreign countries in treatment modalities and follow-up assessment,with a view to share with Chinese ophthalmic colleagues about the latest treatment of amblyopia.