Purpose To measure and compare the difference of multifocal electroretinogram in normal subjects and patients with age related macular degeneration. Methods Seventeen cases(20 eyes)of normal subjects,7 cases(10 eyes)of dry form AMD(age related macular degeneration),8 cases(8 eyes)of wet form AMD and 11 cases(11 eyes)of idiopathic macular hole(IMH)were tested with VERIS Sciences TM 4.0 made by EDI company of America.The latencies and average response densities of 6 ring retinal regions in normal subjects were compared with those in various types of age related maculopathies. Results The N 1 and P 1 wave latencies of all 6 rings in wet form AMD and the N 1 wave latencies of 3～6 rings in dry form AMD were delayed statistically.The N 1 and P 1 wave average response densities of 1～4 rings in and the P 1 wave average response densities of 1～6 rings wet form AMD and the N 1 wave average response densities of 1～5 and the P 1 wave average response densties of 1～6 rings in dry form AMD were decreased statistically.The N 1 and P 1 wave average response densities of 1～2 and the P 1wave average response densities of 1～3 rings were decrease statistically in IMH. Conclusion Multifocal electroretinogram can be used to quantitate the visual function of the affected location in age related macular degeneration.

Objective To measure and compare the difference between the normal control and retinoschisis with multifocal electroretinography. Methods Nineteen cases (21 eyes) of normal control and 8 cases (15 eyes) of inherited retinoschisis were measured with VERIS Science TM 4.0. Three cases (6 eyes) of inherited retinoschisis were tested with Ganzfeld ERG. Results There was statistically significant difference of average response density and latencies in all 6 ring retinal regions between the normal control and retinoschisis. The topography of multifocal ERG showed that multifocal amplitude decreased with disappearing or decreasing of central peak amplitude in patients with retinoschisis. The P 1/N 1 ratio of the multifocal ERG average response densities in 6 ring retinal regions was different from the b/a ratio of the Ganzfeld ERG. Conclusion Each of the multifocal ERG and Ganzfeld ERG has its advantage in the diagnosis of the retinoschisis.

Objective To explore the clinical application value of multifocal oscillatory potentials (MOPs) in retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods MOPs were tested using VERIS 4.0 visual evoked response imaging system for 19 cases (19 eyes) of RVO,among them 8 cases of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 11 cases of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Twenty normal subjects were as normal control group. The stimulative visual angles subtended ?26.6? horizontally and ?22.1? vertica lly. The filter setting was bandpass 100～1 000 Hz. The retinal responses from 103 hexagons were recor ded in 4 min (8 segments). Results In normal control group, OP 1, OP 2 and OP 3 were recorded during 37 ms for first order and 47 ms for second order first slice in whole test field and 5 ring retinal regions, the oscillatory wave shapes of second order were clearer than those of first order. In RVO groups, 91.6% latencies of OP 1, OP 2 and OP 3 were delayed, and 70.8% amplitudes of OP 1, OP 2 and OP 3 were reduced. The delay of the latencies and the decrease of the amplitude in CRVO were more markedly than those in BRVO. Conclusion MOPs can be effectively and quantitatively used to evaluate the retinal function of the different location in RVO.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the clinical experience of endoscopic thyroidectomy via suprasternal approach. METHODS Endoscopic thyroidectomy via suprasternal approach was performed in 35 patients with ultrasonic scalpel. RESULTS Operations were successfully performed in 35 patients. The mean operation times were 130 (105～190) minutes in 24 cases with subtotal lobectomy and 4 case with total lobectomy, 60 (50~70) minutes in 2 cases with isthmectomy, 228 (185～270) minutes in 2 case with bilateral subtotal lobectomy, 163 (140～215) minutes in 3 case with subtotal lobectomy and the contralateral ademona resection. The bleeding during operation was 5 to 40ml and the average hospital stay time was 4 (3～5) days. CONCLUSION Endoscopic thyroidectomy via suprasternal approach is a safe way with good cosmetic value.

Objective To investigate the influence of experimental scotoma on multifocal visual evoked potential (mf-VEP). Methods The mf-VEP of 10 healthy individuals (20 eyes) was measured with VERIS Science 4.0. Every eye was measured for 3 times. The right eye was measured with full field stimulation and upper hemi-field or lower hemi-field masked. The left eye was measured with full field stimulation and central three-rings area or lower nasal field masked. The first slice responses of the second order in different field were analyzed and compared by VERIS software. Results The mf-VEP in masked area was undetectable or obviously decreased in all subjects. In most unmasked field, the amplitudes of mf-VEP were not changed, except that in some place decreased slightly with statistically significant difference in comparison to the full field stimulation mode. Conclusion mf-VEP is influenced with experimental scotoma. The mf-VEP changes are consistent with the visual field masked.

Background Behcet's disease is a refractory panuveitis with high blindness rate.Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) is a useful tool for the evaluation of the function of the posterior retina.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to assess the characteristics of Behcet's disease using the mfERG.Methods mfERG was recorded in 68 eyes of 39 cases with active stage of Behcet's disease.All of the patients were diagnosed based on the Standard of International Study Group for Behcet's Disease and assigned to the cystoid macular edema (CME) group and the diffuse macular edema (DME) group after assessment by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA).Seventeen normal subjects were used as controls.Oral informed consent was obtained from all of the subjects prior to this trial.mfERG recording followed the ISCEV Guidelines for Clinical Multifocal Electroretinography (2007 edition).The response density and latency of P1 and N1 waves in 6 rings were analyzed and compared.Results The amplitudes of N_1 waves from rings 1 through 6 and N1 wave from rings 1 through 5 were significantly declined in patients with Behcet's disease compared with normal control (P＜0.01).All of the latencies of P_1 waves from rings 1 through 6 were insignificantly shortened in patients with Behcet's disease compared with normal control (P＞0.05).The amplitudes of P_1 and N_1 waves from rings 1 through 6 in diffuse macular edema group were considerably lower than those in the cystoid macular edema group (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).A test of visual acuity showed a negative correlation to the amplitude and latency of N_1 wave (r=-0.36,-0.37,P＜0.05 ) and a positive correlation with the amplitude of N1 wave (r=0.43,P＜0.05) in the DME group.In the CME group,a test of visual acuity presented a negative correlation to the amplitude and latency of N1 wave and latency of P1 (r=-0.41,-0.35,-0.40,P＜0.05 ) and a positive correlation with the amplitude of P1 wave (r=0.48,P＜0.05).Conclusion mfEGR demonstrates that retinal electro-activity is abnormal in eyes with Behcet's disease.The distinct functional disorder is situated around the fovea.

Objective: To study the protective effect and mechanism of compound Danshen dropping pills on the heart of rats with type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy. Method: Seventy-five male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group (15 rats) and model group (60 rats). The model group was fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet, high-sugar and high-fat milk and sucrose water. Six weeks later, rats with foodborne obesity (body mass ≥ the mean body mass of blank control group + 2 times standard deviation) were selected and intraperitoneally injected with 1% streptozotocin (STZ)28 mg·kg^-1. After 12 weeks, rats with fasting blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol·L^-1 and polydipsia, diuresis, polyphagia and weight loss were randomly divided into model group, compound Danshen dropping pills group (0.5 g·kg^-1) and metformin group (0.5 g·kg^-1) and intervened for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function. Blood samples were taken to determine the corresponding biochemical indicators of rats. Histopathological changes of myocardium were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining. The ultrastructure of myocardium was observed under electron microscope. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β₁) and type Ⅰ collagen (Collagen Ⅰ). Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis (Real-time PCR) was used to detect the expression of miRNA-200b. Result: Compared with the blank group, the heart weight index (HMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterin(LDL-C) levels in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterin(HDL-C) decreased significantly (P<0.01); the cardiac function was impaired, the deposition of collagen fibers increased (P<0.01), and the degree of myocardial tissue damage was obvious; the expression of miR-200b in myocardial tissue decreased (P<0.01), and the expressions of VEGF, TGF-β₁ and Collagen I increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of HMI, TC, TG and LDL-C in the compound Danshen dropping pills group were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the levels of HDL-C increased significantly (P<0.01), the cardiac function was improved, the deposition of collagen fibers in myocardium was decreased (P<0.05), the degree of myocardial tissue damage was reduced, the expression of miRNA-200b in myocardium was increased (P<0.05), and the expressions of VEGF, TGF-β₁ and Collagen I was decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: Compound Danshen dropping pills may play a protective role in the heart of type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy rats by lowering lipid, up-regulating the expression of miR-200b and inhibiting the expression levels of VEGF, TGF-β₁ and Collagen I.

Objective　To explore the relationship between electrophysiological changes, clinical phenotype and genotype in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy(DMD/BMD), to address the expression and roles of dystrophin and its isoforms on the retina, and to inquire into the molecular mechanism of the abnormal electroretinogram(ERG) on DMD/BMD patients with different genotype.Methods　Gene deletions were screened by multiplex DNA amplification with eleven primers on twenty-two consecutive patients with DMD and BMD, and then, the ERG was tested according to international ERG standard.Results　ERG phenotype was associated with the site of DMD gene defects rather than the severity of the phenotype. Patients with deletion in the central region of the gene had more severe changes in the scotopic ERG as compared to those with gene non-deletion.Conclusion　The ERG genotype-phenotype correlation suggests that DP260 may play the most important role in the retinal neurotransmission.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the characteristics of multifocal electroretinograms (mf-ERG) of different phases in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its clinical significance.

METHODSMultifocal electroretinograms in patients with DR (I - II stage) were tested with VERIS IV system.

RESULTSIn I - II stage, the absolute values of N1, P1 and N2 response densities, and the N1-P1 and P1-N2 response densities were attenuated is a field of about 45 degrees in diameter.

CONCLUSIONAs a new objective and quantitative examination for spatial visual function, multifocal electroretinograms may be valuable in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.

Aged ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Electroretinography ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retina ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Time Factors

Objective To observe the effects of vestibular function training and proprioception training on vertigo and balance function after postoperative circulatory ischemia under the visual participation. Methods From June, 2016 to May, 2018, 72 patients with posterior circulation ischemic vertigo aged more than 60 were randomly divided into proprioception group (n = 24), vestibular group (n = 24) and comprehensive group (n = 24). All the patients received routine medicine and rehabilitation training. Moreover, the proprioception group accepted proprioception training, the vestibular group accepted vestibular function training, and the comprehensive group accepted both proprioception training and vestibular function training. They were assessed with Dizziness Assessment Rating Scale (DARS), Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) before and after four weeks of treatment, while the mean velocity (Vm) of blood flow in the basilar artery was measured with transcranial Doppler, and the stability index (ST) was measured with Tetrax. Results The scores of DARS, DHI and BBS, and Vm and ST improved in all the groups after treatment (t > 57.825, P < 0.001). However, the scores of DHI and BBS, and ST improved more in the comprehensive group than in the proprioception group and the vestibular training group (P < 0.05), Vm and score of DARS improved more in the vestibular group and the comprehensive group than in the proprioception group (P < 0.05). Conclusion With the participation of the vision, vestibular function training combined with proprioception training can further alleviate vertigo caused by postoperative circulatory ischemia, and improve balance and quality of life.