Objective To provide the dose information from the epidemiological cohort established in 1980 in Jiangsu province using normalized workload method,and to estimate cumulative skin dose to medical diagnostic X-ray workers based on personal dosimeter were worn as members of the epidemiologicat cohort.Methods Data for fixed cohort members of X-ray exposure history from 1950 to June 2011 were collected.According to correction factors such as examination types and protection conditions,exposure doses from 1950s to June of 2011 were estimated through a Visual Basic language program.Results Average annual doses vary significantly between during different time periods:10.1 (6.1-12.3) mGy/year during 1950-1965,3.5 (2.1-5.4) mGy/year for 1966-1984 and 1.3 (0.9-1.9) mGy/year during 1985-2011,respectively.Conclusions Average annual doses received by 3 961 medical diagnostic X-ray workers during different time periods in this investigation are nearly consistent with the results reported previously and show a roughly similar trend.

In resent years,brain parenchyma and cerebrovascular sonography have received considerable attention.Monitoring of cerebral vessels and their blood flow velocities and pulsation indexes may reflect the intracranial vascular lesions.However,there are a few studies about transcranial color-code duplex sonography (TCCD) in the monitoring of space-occupying stroke.This technology has the non-invasive,convenient,and economical advantages,and can timely provide clinical information.Using TCCD to monitor pace-occupying stroke may play a positive role in prevention of the diseases and prognosis.

Objective To investigate the correlation between carotid intraplaque neovascularization and acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Methods The patients examined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound were enroled and divided into either a symptomatic group or an asymptomatic group according to their cerebral ischemic symptoms. The patients were also divided into a low-echo group, an equal-echo group, and an heterogeneous echo group according to the plaque echo characteristics on conventional ultrasound. The carotid intraplaque neovascularization was evaluated with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the correlation between carotid intraplaque neovascularization and acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Results A total of 73 patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease were enroled, 32 patients in the symptoms group (19 ischemic stroke, 13 transient ischemic attack), 41 patients in the asymptomatic group. Plaque echo characteristics: low-echo 15, equal-echo 41, and heterogeneous echo 17. The proportions of the patients with plaque enhancement (84. 4% vs. 61. 0% ; χ2 = 4. 802, P = 0. 028) and enhanced intensity (21. 78 ± 8. 50 dB vs. 15. 93 ± 8. 82 dB; t = 2. 440, P = 0. 018) in the symptomatic group were significantly higher than those in the asymptomatic group. The proportions of the patients with enhanced plaque in the low-echo, equal-echo and heterogeneous echo group were 93. 3% , 58. 5% , and 82. 4% , respectively (χ2 = 7. 826, P = 0. 020 ). The low-echo group and heterogeneous echo group were significantly higher than the equal-echo group (al P < 0. 05), but there was no significant difference between the low-echo group and the heterogeneous echo group (P > 0. 05). The intraplaque enhanced intensities in the low-echo group, equal-echo group, and heterogeneous echo group were 22. 62 ± 9. 33 dB, 14. 38 ± 8. 02 dB, and 18. 15 ± 9. 64 dB, respectively (F = 3. 877, P = 0. 027). The low-echo group was significantly higher than the equal-echo group (P = 0. 024 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that carotid intraplaque neovascularization (odds ratio 3. 456, 95% confidence interval 1. 103 - 10. 828; P = 0. 033) was independently associated with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions Carotid intraplaque neovascularization is closely associated with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Objective To study the relationship between the risk of malignant tumor and occupational radiation factor among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in Jiangsu province.Methods The retrospective and prospective cohort studies were adopted to investigate the incidence of cancer.Eligible medical diagnostic X-ray workers from the department of radiology in hospitals were selected and assigned into exposure group,while other medical workers from the departments of Internal Medicine,Ear-NoseThroat (ENT) or Pediatrics who attended work at the same period in the same hospital but not engaged in radiation work were regarded as control group during 1950-2011 in Jiangsu province.We calculated the total person-year and analyzed the relative risk (RR) of malignant tumor using Poisson regression model.Results 7 703 participants (3 961 in exposed group and 3 742 in unexposed group) were recruited and followed up,with a total of 315 309 person years and the lost follow-up rate was 6.92％ (533/7 703).During the follow up period,a total of 819 tumor cases were identified (771 were malignant tumors).We found the significant relationship between the risk of malignant tumor and occupational radiation factor,and the RR of solid cancer and total malignant tumor were 1.31 (95％ CI:1.11-1.55) and 1.33 (95％ CI:1.13-1.57),respectively.In addition,the risk of lung cancer in medical diagnostic X-ray workers was significantly higher than that in control group (RR =1.45,95％ CI:1.00-2.09).Conclusions The incidence risk of lung cancer,solid caner and total malignant tumors in medical diagnostic X-ray workers was significantly higher than that in the control group,which might be associated with occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

Objective To continue following up the cohort members in Jiangsu province who were the largest subgroup in Chinese medical X-ray workers cohort subgroups on radiation carcinogenesis and analysis the cancer risk of medical X-ray workers which might be induced by chronic low-dose ionizing radiation between 1997 and 2011.Methods A retrospective cohort study was utilized to accumulate data.Epicure was applied to compute cumulative person years (with module of Datab) and relative risk (including 95％ CI) of malignant tumor on exposed group(with module of AMFIT) while the factors such as sex and attained-age were adjusted in the cohort members.Results The 7 708 follow-up members included 3 668 medical X-ray workers.The cumulative person-year in the cohort members was 94 651.2 (1997-2011) and its lost rate was 5.79％.During the follow-up period,441 cases had became cancer patients.The relative risk of all cancers was 1.44 (95％ CI:1.18-1.75),so was the solid cancers.Significant elevated risks of cancer were found on lung (RR =1.95,95％ CI:1.30-2.92),esophagus (RR =3.04,95％ CI:1.20-7.70),lymphoma(RR =2.24,95％ CI:0.67-7.48),leukemia(RR =1.57,95 ％ CI:0.33-7.39),throat (RR =2.47) and thyroid (RR =2.80,95 ％ CI:0.24-32.26) among medical X-ray workers.However,The RR of malignant tumors might not be associated with occupational exposure to ionizing radiation if we considered the lost factors (RR =1.2,95％ CI:0.94-1.46)Conclusions The RR of malignant tumors such as the cancer on lung,esophagus,thyroid among the medical X-ray workers in Jiangsu province were enhanced which might be associated with occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

Objective To investigate the effects of enteral nutrition via the nasojejunal and nasogastric feeding on stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) and other complications in patients with severe acute stroke.Methods A total of 60 patients with severe acute stroke who needed tube feeding were randomized to either a nasojejunal tube group or a nasaogastric tube group for enteral nutrition support.The occurrence of SAP,diarrhea,vomiting,and gastrointestinal bleeding within 2 weeks were observed.The nutrition indices (total protein,prealbumin,and hemoglobin) before and at day 7 and 14 after the tube placement were documented and compared.Results There were 30 patients in the nasojejunal tube group and the nasaogastric rube group,respectively.There were no significant difference in demographic and baseline clinical data between the 2 groups.The incidence of SAP (43.3％ vs.70.0％;x2 =4.340,P=0.037),vomiting (13.3％ vs.43.3％;x2 =6.648,P =0.010),and hyponatremia (6.7％ vs.40.0％;x2 =4.022,P =0.045) in the nasojejunal rube group were significant lower than those in the nasogastric rube group,however,there was no significant differences in the incidences of diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding.Compared with before indwelling tube,there were no significant difference in the concentrations of total plasma protein and prealbumin at day 14 after indwelling tube in the nasojejunal tube group,but the concentration of hemoglobin were decreased significantly (P =0.001);compared with before indwelling tube,the concentrations of the total plasma protein (P =0.001),prealbumin (P =0.036),and hemoglobin (P =0.001) at day 14 after indwelling tube in the nasogastric rube group were significantly decreased.Conclusions Nasojejunal nutrition may effectively prevent SAP,volmiting,and hyponatremia in patients with severe acute stroke,and contributes to maintain the nutritional status.

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Objective To study the clinical significance of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) positive lesions in transient ischemic attacks (TIA) patients,TIA patients with fully reversible lesions were compared with the other patients for investigating the predictive value of apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) for distinguishing between TIA and stroke.Methods Fifty-seven patients hospitalized with TIA at Department of Neurology,Central Hospital of Baotou August 2009 to June 2011 were identified.All patients had brain magnetic resonance imaging within 24 h after onset,then they were divided into DWI positive group and negative group.A follow-up MR imaging or CT was available in patients of DWI positive group.According to MRI or CT,patients were divided into TIA group and cerebral infarction (CI) group.Clinical features and DWI Imaging were compared between the two groups.For each lesion,the quantitative parameters on initial DWI (ADC) were recorded,and comparisons between reversible and irreversible lesions were performed.Results The ADC values were (630.4 ±25.9) × 10-3 mm2/s in lesions with TIA and (495.2 ±60.0) x 10-3 mm2/s with brain infaction (t =6.669,P =0.000).The relative ADC ratio values were lower (62.6％ ±7.4％ vs 82.1％ ±5.6％,t =7.013,P =0.000) in lesions with subsequent infarct than in those that were fully reversible.Conclusions ADC values are moderately decreased in DWI lesions from TIA patients,while ADC values are significantly decreased in CI group.It is useful to early distinguish TIA from CI by comparing ADC and rADC values.

Objective: To explore the long-term effects of radiation injury and to provide scientific basis for the evaluation of the effects of ionizing radiation injury by carrying out medical follow-up of patients involved in the " 5.7" radiative source accident in Nanjing in 2014. Methods: Through interviewing and investigating, we inquired about the new disease history of the exposed patients from rehabilitation treatment to medical follow-up peroid. Physical and laboratory examinations were carried out. According to relevant standards, physiological and biochemical indexes such as hematopoietic system, immune system, endocrine system, ophthalmology, circulatory system, digestive system, urinary system and bone mineral density were systematically evaluated, with the long-term effects being evaluated. Results: The patient′s vital signs were good without new diseases. The indexes of hematopoietic system, immune system and endocrine system tended to be normal, the circulatory system, digestive system and urinary system showed degenerative changes, the ophthalmic examination showed visual acuity continue to decline, and bone mineral density examination indicated low bone mass. Conclusions Physiological and biochemical indicators of the patients gradually returned to normal without obvious symptoms of radiation damage. Further medical follow-up observation still needs to continue.

Objective To survey the frequency of medical X-ray diagnosis and estimate the medical exposure levels of Jiangsu province in 2016,so as to be able to improve effectively the protection against medical radiation exposure.Methods All medical institutions in the province were covered in the survey for their basic medical information by means of census method.Frequencies of diagnostic medical X-ray examination were studied using random sampling method in 31 medical institutions.A linear model was established by number of outpatients number of inpatients,number of staff and number of radiation workers to evaluate the medical examination frequency.Results A total of 9 248 pieces of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment by the end of 2016 in Jiangsu province,including 1 110 CT scanners.The total frequencies of diagnostic medical X-ray examination were estimated to be 911.45 examinations per 1 000 population,covering 239.25 per 1 000 for CT scanning.The number of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment increased by a factor of 0.8 while CT scanners by a factor of 3.6 compared to 1999.Medical X-ray diagnostic frequency raised by a factor of 3.2 while CT frequency by a factor of 15.1 compared with previous data.Conclusions The medical X-ray diagnostic frequencies in Jiangsu province was 1.9 times the value given in the UNSCEAR 2008 Report,close to those in some developed European countries.Compared with the study in 2015,the present study has made greater improvement in sampling technique for selection of hospitals and equipment,frequency estimation method and acquisition of influence factors.Estimates of medical X-ray diagnosis frequency are closer to actual level.Further improvement will be needed for the future survey,so as to further study medical exposure levels and to provide basic information for better patient protection.