Pituitary tumors, originated from homoral adenohypophyseal cells, are very common in intracranial neoplasms. They are characterized by a wide range of biological behavioral related to hormoral and proliferative activities. Previous pituitary adenoma studies mainly devoted to histological and ultrastructural classification with immunohistochemical techniques. Molecular biology allowed new approaches, especially concerning the pathogenesis and progression. This article reviews the progress of these researches regarding chromosomes, oncogenes, antioncogenes, transgenic animal models and genetic therapy.

Objective:To assess the possible role of expression of TGFα and EGFR in nasal polyps and its re-lationship with PCNA labeling index. Method: Specimens from 20 patients of nasal polyps were studied with im-munohistochemical technique. Result: The expression of TGFα,EGFR and PCNA were increased in the epitheli-um, gland cells and inflammatory cells of nasal polyps. There was a close correlation between the intensities ofTGFα,EGFR and PCNA. Conclusion: TGFα may play a key role in epithelial cell proliferation in nasal polyps.

Objective:To evaluate the inhibitory effect of intraperitoneal sustained-release chemotherapy with 5-FU on the growth of H22 ascitic tumor in mice.Methods: Mouse H22 ascitic tumor model was established by intraperitoneal injection of(0.2 ml) H22 ascitic cells(4?10~(6)cells) and the animals were subsequently divided into 4 groups randomly, namely,the saline control group(received saline),peritoneal chemotherapy group(received common 5-FU),sustained-release chemotherapy group(received sustained-release 5-FU),and negative control group(received control sustained-release agent).The survival times of the mice were recorded in all groups.The apoptosis rates of H22 ascitic cells were analyzed with flow cytometry 9 and 12 days after injection of H22 cells and the proliferation index was calculated.Electron microscope was used to observe H22 cells 12 days after peritoneal injection.Results: The average survival time of peritoneal chemotherapy group([13.7?1.7] d) was significantly shorter than that of sustained-release chemotherapy group([15.3?2.0]d)(P

Objective To investigate the virtual wedge (VW) dosimetric parameters with the ionization chamber array Matrixxenvlution.Methods Using Matrixxenvlution and solid water to measure and calculate Siemens accelerator's VW angle and VW factors of different fields and compare the wedge field dose distribution to that of treatment planning system (TPS) by gamma analysis,summarized the measurement results of 50 times.Results The γ pass rate (3 mm/ 3％) of 15° and 30° VW in both direction were (91.47 ± 1.76)％,(92.99 ± 1.54)％ and (93.27 ± 1.24)％,(93.27 ± 1.68)％,respectively,with the increase of filed size and the VW angle,but for 20 cm ×20 cm field and VW 60°,the result was not very good.The largest angle deviation ＜ 2° except small field size and wedge angle,VW factors were approximately equal to 1,the maximum deviation was no more than 0.05,plan dose distribution and the measured dose distribution have good consistency except large field with large wedge angle.Conclusions Matrixxenvlution used in the measurement of VW dosimetric parameters which can obtain all parameters for angle calculation and dose plane analysis with only once positioning,and become more rapid,convenient,economical and practical one of quality assurance tools for VW dose verification.

Objective To investigate the expression of Akt and phosphoryled Akt (p-Akt1) protein in pancreatic carcinoma and to determine the clinical significance. Methods In 74 cases of pancreatic carcinoma and 10 cases of normal pancreatic tissue samples, the expression of Akt and p-Akt1 were detected by immunohistochemical method, and the its relationship with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis were analyzed. Results The positive expression rate of Akt and p-Akt1 in pancreatic carcinoma were 87.8% and 83.8% respectively, while there was no expression of Akt and p-Akt1 in normal pancreatic tissue, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression of Akt and p-Akt1 in pancreatic carcinoma (r =0.274, P =0. 018). The expression of Akt and p-Akt1 was not significantly associated with the age, sex, location, size, pathology stages, lymph nodes metastasis, clinical stages and nerve invasion of the tumor (P >0.05). But the higher expression of p-Akt1 was associated with T stages and TNM staging (p =0. 002). Patients with high intensity of Akt and p-Akt1 expression showed a significantly longer median survival time [(16.0 ± 5.7) month and (23.0 ± 5.5) month, respectively]than those with low intensity expression [(9.3 ± 0.2) month and (11.1 ± 1.8) month (P = 0. 007 and P = 0.004) respectively]. Conclusions p-Akt1 expression is a significant positive prognostic factor for pancreaticcarcinoma and detection of p-Akt1 expression may be of clinical value.

Sarcoma in the spermatic cord is rare, and accurate diagnosis of the histopathological subtypes are often difficult. A 62-year-old male smoker with a five-month history of left inguinoscrotal swelling was admitted to my hospital. Ultrasonography and computed tomography examinations showed a 4.0 cm×5.5 cm×4.5 cm solid mass engulfing the spermatic cord. The boundaries between the mass and the left testicle was distinct. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy showed tumor originated from mesenchymal tissue, which is likely to be malignant, hence, enabling its removal by a left spermatic cord tumor resection via a left inguinal approach, under general anesthesia. The final pathological report showed an undifferentiated spermatic cord sarcoma. No recurrence and metastasis were observed in the patient during the subsequent 26 months follow-up period.

The main treatment options for cervical cancer include surgery and/or radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy consists of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy (BT). BT contains high-dose-rate (HDR-BT) and low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT). The prognosis of cervical cancer is relatively good. However, some patients experience substantial treatment failures, such as intra-pelvic and/or extra-pelvic recurrences. Recurrent cervical cancer (RCC) has poor prognosis due to lack of effective and safe approach. In 2002, Professor Wang Junjie introduced CT-guidance into the field of LDR-BT, and fully applied 3D printing technology in BT in 2015, which met the requirement of preoperative LDR-BT planning, and significantly improving the precision, quality and efficiency of BT. In 2018, Professor Wang Junjie proposed the concept of stereotactic ablation brachytherapy (SABT). Chinese experts have attempted to treat RCC with BT for nearly two decades and accumulated certain clinical experience. Based on the 3D-printing template (3D-PT) assisted CT-guidance, the standard and consensus of BT for RCC were established, including the indications, dosimetric requirements, technological procedures and radiation protection, etc. At present, there is still a lack of phage Ⅲ clinical and evidence-based medicine for the treatment of RCC with 3D-PT guidance, which requires prospective multi-center, randomized studies to improve the evidence-based level of BT.

With the outbreak of COVID-19 around the globe, the epidemic prevention and control in China will take a long-term trend. As the main treatment of gynecological malignant tumor, rational application of radiotherapy bring patients with both "epidemic prevention" and "anti-tumor" benefits. This recommendation combined the domestic epidemic prevention guidelines, foreign literature related to epidemic prevention and gynecological tumor treatment, and the experiences of Peking Union Medical College Hospital during the prophase of epidemic period, aiming to provide guidance for the clinical work for radiotherapy and gynecological departments during COVID-19 crisis from the perspectives of gynecological radiotherapy principles, clinical trials, MDT and academic activities.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical efficacy,safety and influencing factors of radiotherapy in children with stage Ⅳ high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB).Methods A total of 120 children with HR-NB who were diagnosed and treated with local radiotherapy according to the BCH-HR-NB-2007 protocol in the Oncology Department of Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2014 to December 2017 were enrolled.Among them,56 children were male and 64 female with a median age of 43 months (9 -148 months).The treatment protocol consisted of 4 cycles of CAV chemotherapy,3 cycles of CVP chemotherapy,surgical resection after 4 cycles,autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after 7 cycles,local radiotherapy at a dose of 15.0-30.6 Gy for 82 cases of primary tumors and 38 cases of primary and metastatic tumors,followed by 13 cis-retinoic acid as maintenance therapy.The entire treatment protocol endured for approximately 18 months.Results The median follow-up time was 21 months.The 3-year local control rate was 84.4％.Before radiotherapy,the 3-year event-free survival rate was 78.4％ in children without metastases,significantly higher compared with 30.4％ in the residual group (P=0.003).The 3-year event-free survival rate was 66.1％ in patients who underwent radiotherapy within 6 months after surgery,significantly higher than 50.6％ in their counterparts receiving radiotherapy at 6 months or more after surgery (P=0.018).Among the children with residual metastases before radiotherapy,the progression rate in children who did not receive radiotherapy was 66.6％,significantly higher compared with 20.0％ in those receiving radiotherapy (P=0.001).All patients had no radiation-related adverse reactions in the liver,kidney and heart,etc.The incidence rate of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ myelosupression was 24.5％ at 1 week post-radiotherapy,and 8％ at 2 weeks after radiotherapy.Conclusions Radiotherapy yields definite clinical efficacy in the local control of children with stage Ⅳ HR-NB.Early radiotherapy after surgery and radiotherapy for the metastatic lesions can improve the clinical prognosis.No vital organ injuries are observed during the short-term follow-up.At 2 weeks after radiotherapy,the myelosupression is gradually restored.

Objective:To explore the clinical value of 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET/CT hypoxia imaging in early response to heavy ion radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Methods:From April 2018 to January 2021, the 18F-FMISO PET/CT images of 23 NSCLC patients (19 males, 4 females; age (64.9±10.3) years) who received heavy ion radiotherapy in Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center were retrospectively analyzed. The evaluation parameters included tumor volume (TV), tumor to background ratio (TBR) before and after radiotherapy. Patients were divided into hypoxia group and non-hypoxia group with the baseline TBR value≥1.4 as hypoxia threshold. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the differences of TV and TBR before and after radiotherapy in 2 groups. Results:Of 23 NSCLC patients, 17 were hypoxia and 6 were non-hypoxia. Compared with the baseline, TV after the radiotherapy (59.44(22.86, 99.43) and 33.78(8.68, 54.44) cm 3; z=-3.05, P=0.002) and TBR after the radiotherapy (2.25(2.09, 2.82) and 1.42(1.24, 1.67); z=-3.39, P=0.001) of the hypoxia group were significantly lower, while TV (16.19(6.74, 36.52) and 8.59(4.38, 25.47) cm 3; z=-1.57, P=0.120) and TBR (1.19(1.05, 1.27) and 1.10 (0.97, 1.14); z=-1.89, P=0.060) of the non-hypoxia group decreased with no significant differences. Conclusions:Hypoxic NSCLC tumors are sensitive to heavy ion radiation. Compared with non-hypoxic tumors, hypoxic tumors respond more quickly, and a significant reduction in TV can be observed early after radiotherapy. Heavy ion radiation can significantly improve tumor hypoxia.