Leukoaraiosis (LA) is not only found in patients with vascular dementia,Alzheimer's disease,brain trauma,carbon monoxide poisoning Binswanger's disease,mild cognitive impairment,diabetes,but also have a certain proportion in the normal elderly.This article reviews the advances in research on the risk factors,pathogenesis,pathological changes,clinical manifestations,imaging characteristics and treatment of LA.

A large number of laboratory and clinical researches have indicated that the occurrence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is mainly related to the following factors: the inflammatory reaction, the injury of vascular wall, the aggregation of platelet, the formation of thrombus, the hyperplasia of vascular endotheliocyte, etc. The corresponding parameters related to the above mentioned factors can be regarded as the clinical predictors of restenosis after pereutaneous transluminal angioplasty. This paper aims to make a summarization of some kinds of clinical predictors which are related to inflammation.

The disability and mortality of cerebrovascular diseases are high,and they cause significant harm to human health.A number of studies have found that a great many factors participated in the pathophysiological processes of cerebrovascular diseases including Rho-associated kinse.This article reviews the mechanisms of action on Rho-associated kinase in the pathophysiological processes of cerebrovascular diseases.

A large number of laboratory and clinical researches have indicated that the occurrence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is mainly related to the following factors: the inflammatory reaction,the injury of vascular wall,the aggregation of platelet,the formation of thrombus,the hyperplasia of vascular endotheliocyte,etc.The corresponding parameters related to the above mentioned factors can be regarded as the clinical predictors of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.This paper aims to make a summarization of some kinds of clinical predictors which are related to inflammation.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is closely correlated with the pathophysiological processes of cerebral edema,inflammatory reaction and apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage.As a specific brain-derived protein,the different levels of S100B may present different physiological and pathological effects.Its concentration can reflect the degree of central nervous system damage.This article reviews the action mechanisms of MMP-9 and S100B in intracerebrai hemorrhage.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is the most w idely expressed receptor in the Toll-like receptor family, and is also an important pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system to pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, TLR2 can also identify endogenous risk signals and participate in non -pathogenic microbial inflammatory reaction in ischemic injury. The role of TLR2 and its signal transduction in ischemic cerebral w hite matter lesions have received more and more attention. This article reviews the relationship between TLR2 and ischemic cerebral white matter lesion.

In-stent restenosis after interventional treatment remains an unsolved and important clinical problem. The proliferation and migration of arterial smooth muscle cells are key events frequently followed by vascular restenosis after angioplasty and continuous inflammation may also be the other important factor for the restenosis after stenting. Study of the pathogenesis of restenosis may find some potentially novel therapeutic pathways for attenuating in-stent restenosis.

Recent studies have shown that Notch signaling pathway can improve neural stem cell selfrepair ability and promote angiogenesis,but at the same time,it will also aggravate the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia.This article reviews the relationship between Notch signaling pathway and cerebral

Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase,which plays an important role in cerebral ischemia.It mainly stabilizes cerebral vascular endothelium,prevents vascular stenosis and the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects after cerebral ischemia.This article reviews the protective effects of STRT1 and its related mechanisms in cerebral ischemia.

72 h goups, respectively. A few tissues distant from the hematoma on the way into the cranium were taken from the 2 former groups as control. Immunohistochemistry staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detected expression of complement facters C3 ,complement inhibitor (Clusterin),the infiltration of the inflammatory cells, the proliferation of neuroglia cells and the expression of cytokins.Results The immunohistochemistry staining showed that the expression of complement facter C3 got to the peak at 12~72 h (P