Hepatitis A is one of the global public health problems,and China has high prevalence. In order to decrease the incidence of hepatitis A,China has integrated Hepatitis A vaccine into Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2007. The paper will provide some ideas on the immunogenicity and impact factors of the different types of hepatitis A vaccines that are used in China.

Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Vaccination

Humans ; Public Health ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

Objective To analyse the stress distribution of distal-extension removable partial dentures supported by mini implants. Methods The finite element analysis models of conventional removable partial dentures ( CRPD) and mini implants supported removable partial dentures (ISRPD) were established by modular denture model. The stress distribution of abutments and supporting tissues was compared by finite element analysis software Abaqus 6.5.Results Under vertical loading, the stress of abutment teeth, mucosa of edentulous region and alveolar bone of ISRPD model was lower than that of CRPD model. Under oblique loading, the stress of each part of CRPD model and alveolar bone of ISRPD model significantly increased, while that of abutment teeth and parodontium of ISPRD model decreased. Conclusion The distal-extension removable partial dentures supported by mini implants work well in protecting the abutments and supporting tissues.

Objective To analyse the stress distribution of precision attachment dentures used in distal-extension edentulous cases. Methods The finite element models of conventional removable partial dentures and precision attachment dentures were established by modular denture model, and the models of precision attachment dentures were established with 4┬4 as one abutment or 43┬34 as two abutments. The stress distribution of abutments and supporting tissues was compared by finite element analysis software Abaqus 6.5.Results Under vertical loading or oblique loading, the stress of abutments and supporting tissues from attachment dentures with two abutments was significantly lower than that from attachment dentures with one abutment. The stress of conventional removable partial dentures significantly increased under oblique loading. Conclusion It is reasonable for the design of attachment dentures with two abutments for mandibular distal-extension edentulous cases.

According to Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021 - Accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016–2021: Actions for impact, released by WHO on May 20, 2021, there is still an estimated number of 296 million people with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and 58 million people with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 2019. Among the individuals with chronic infections, only 30.4 million (10%) of those with chronic HBV infection were diagnosed, among whom 6.6 million (22%) received antiviral therapy. Globally, 15.2 million (21%) of those with HCV infection have been diagnosed, among whom 9.4 million (62%) received antiviral therapy. Although significant progress has been made in eliminating viral hepatitis globally by 2020, there is still a large gap from the 2030 goal, and global attention should be paid to eliminating viral hepatitis and promoting the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis. WHO and all regions should continue to support the elimination of viral hepatitis, and meanwhile each member state should also actively implement the elimination of viral hepatitis, promote national strategies for diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible, and improve the coverage of diagnosis and treatment.

AIM:To make compound demethycantharidin(including Radix astragali and Rhizoma bletillae) into stomach remaining-floating sustained-release preparation. METHODS:Radix astragal and Rhizoma betillae pulverized to superfine powders were combined with hydrophilic gel to manufacture stomach remaining-floating sustained-release tablet(floating tablet). RESULTS:The tablet started to drift in 3 min in the artificial gastric juice and float lasted for more than 8 h. By isotopic tracering,the floating tablets given on an empty stomach were retarded for 2-3 h and on large meal for 4-5 h in combination with ordinary tablet only retarded for 1 h. A pharmacopoeia dissolution method was set up to determine the release. 50% of tablets were disintegration in 5 h,70% in 8 h. The t 1/2 was 5.1 h(2-4 h for ordinary tablets),and the MRT was 8.3 h(3.3 h for ordinary tablets),and the remaining-floating sustained-release tablets showed a relative bioavailability of 230.71%. CONCLUSION:Pretreatment of raw herbs from compound demethylcantharidin and selection of the excipients will help to produce the herb-containing floating tablet.

Objective To investigate the stress distribution in the abutment and supporting tissues of distal-extension removable partial dentures with mesial and distal occlusal rest under loading. Methods A modular denture model was used to build a model of mandibular dentition defect ( 765┬567 loss) with HyperMesh 7.0 software. Prosthetics with mesial (M model) and distal occlusal rest (D model) were designed with UG 5.0 software, and the finite element models were completed with HyperMesh 7.0 software. The stress distribution was analyzed in the abutment and supporting tissues of distal-extension removable partial dentures with mesial and distal occlusal rest when bilateral vertical forces were applied. Results Compared with M model, D model provided much larger maximum stress in abutments and periodontal membrane. Stress of D model mainly concentrated on roots of 4┬4 , while that of M model uniformly distributed on roots of 43┬34 . The maximum stress of M model was significantly larger than that of D model on the mucosa of edentulous region. The maximum stress on alveolar bone of two models' edentulous region was equal, while the stress of M model distributed more widely. Conclusion It is prior to select mesial occlusal rest in distal-extension removable partial dentures.

Objective: To evaluate the relevance of diabetes mellitus and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection in people by Meta-analysis. Methods: Databases we searched included CNKI, VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science Core Collection database. Publication time was from January 1997 to May 2017. The Languages were limited to Chinese and English. English search terms include: diabetes, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B and risk. Chinese search terms include: diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B and risk. We included all observational studies on diabetes and HBV infection. Firstly, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the evaluation criteria of Cross-sectional study recommended by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality were used to evaluate the quality of articles. Secondly, RevMan 5.3 software was used for heterogeneity testing. Subgroup analysis, random effects model and Mantel-Haenszel method were used to calculate the combined OR value. Finally, Stata 14.0 software was used to conduct the sensitivity analysis, and Begg rank correlation method was used to detect the publication bias. Results: A total of 12 studies were included, comprising 6 cross-sectional studies and 6 case-control studies. But the 12 articles were heterogeneous (χ²=42.10, P<0.001). After subgroup analysis, cross-sectional studies of diabetes and HBV infection were still heterogeneous (χ²=28.21, P<0.001), whose combined odds ratio (OR) was 1.36 (95%CI: 1.03-1.80). But the heterogeneity of case-control studies was not statistically significant (χ²=10.32, P=0.070), whose combined odds ratio (OR) was 1.55 (95%CI: 1.10-2.17). After the sensitivity analysis, the 95%CI of the combined OR of the 7 studies did not fluctuate, and the lower limit was above 1.07. No publication bias was detected in the cross-sectional study subgroup (Z=1.35, P=0.176) and the case-control study subgroup (Z=1.69, P=0.091). Conclusion Patients with diabetes are more likely to be infected with HBV than those without diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is likely to be a risk factor for HBV infection.

China has the highest disease burden of viral hepatitis. After understanding the epidemic characteristics of viral hepatitis in China and putting forward scientific prevention and control strategies, the Chinese government has been effectively practicing the policy of "prevention first with combination of prevention and control". Over the past 40 years, China has taken effective measures to promote vaccination, strengthen blood screening, standardize diagnosis and treatment services and strengthen supervision, and achieved remarkable success. The incidence of hepatitis A decreased from 52.6 per 100,000 in 1990 to 1.38 per 100,000 in 2019, the HBsAg prevalence among children under 5 years of age decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.32% in 2014, and the cure rate of chronic hepatitis C patients has reached more than 95%. The incidence of hepatitis E is also on the decline. However, in 2019, the estimated diagnosis rate for hepatitis B patients is 25% and treatment rate is 17%; hepatitis C diagnosed rate is 30% and only 9% of the diagnosed were treated. This still falls far from the target of 90% diagnosis rate and 80% treatment rate by 2030. Relevant policies should be implemented as soon as possible, health promotion should be carried out, and screening and diagnosis and treatment services should be strengthened to promote timely treatment for more chronically infected people.