Recent breakthroughs in functional neuroimaging techniques have launched the quest of mapping the connections of the human brain, otherwise known as the human connectome. Imaging connectomics is an umbrella term that refers to the neuroimaging techniques used to generate these maps, which recently has enabled comprehensive brain mapping of network connectivity combined with graph theoretic methods. In this review, we present an overview of the key concepts in functional connectomics. Furthermore, we discuss articles that applied task-based and/or resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine network deficits in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies have provided important insights regarding the etiology of PTSD, as well as the overall organization of the brain network. Advances in functional connectomics are expected to provide insight into the pathophysiology and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.
Biomarkers ; Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Connectome* ; Diagnosis ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Neurosciences* ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*

With the structural and functional neuroimaging studies on alcohol use disorders, the neurobiology of alcohol use disorder can now be directly measured in vivo. This article reviews the findings of structural and functional neuroimaging studies related to alcohol use disorder. Issues about intoxication, dependence, withdrawal, abstinence, organic change induced by chronic alcohol use, neurochemistry and craving are discussed and its clinical implications and future direction of neuroimaging studies are also suggested.
Functional Neuroimaging ; Neurobiology ; Neurochemistry ; Neuroimaging*

No abstract available.
Functional Neuroimaging ; Neurotology

No abstract available.
Epilepsy* ; Functional Neuroimaging*

Non-pulsatile subjective tinnitus is a phantom sound percept without any objective physical sound source. Recent advances in tinnitus research have suggested central rather than peripheral changes as the culprit of tinnitus perception. Moreover, researchers have shown that these central functional changes can be observed not only in the auditory cortex but also in non-auditory regions such as the frontal, parietal, and limbic areas in patients with tinnitus. In this regard, functional neuroimaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) provided researchers with a window into the cerebral cortical activity orchestrating tinnitus. Among these methods, qEEG and MEG are advantageous over PET or fMRI with regard to temporal resolution, while PET and fMRI are advantageous over qEEG or MEG with regard to spatial resolution. In other words, there is no gold standard functional neuroimaging modality in the field of tinnitus, but these four modalities are complementary to one another. In this review article, these four representative functional neuroimaging modalities and their application to tinnitus research will be introduced. Moreover, future direction of functional neuroimaging research on the pathophysiology of tinnitus will be discussed briefly.
Auditory Cortex ; Brain Mapping ; Electroencephalography ; Functional Neuroimaging* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetoencephalography ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Rabeprazole ; Tinnitus*

No abstract available.
Functional Neuroimaging ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Tryptophan

OBJECTIVES: Abnormalities in the frontal lobe have been consistently suggested in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this review is to discuss the relationship between the frontal lobe and depression. METHODS: Recent researches on the frontal lobe in depression were reviewed and abnormalities in this region were considered within the context of modern functional neuroanatomy. RESULTS: This paper reviewed evidence strongly implicating the frontal lobe as a key brain structure in depression. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these abnormalities in the function of the frontal lobe implicate interconnected neural circuits in depression and offer suggestions for the themes of future research and treatment. Further research is needed to investigate the association between emotion and the brain in the paradigm of "affective neuroscience".
Brain ; Depression* ; Frontal Lobe* ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Neuroanatomy

OBJECTIVES: Patients with organic brain lesion can produce unique slow waves (delta and theta) in the EEG. Basic assumption of this study was that the low resolution electro magnetic tomography (LORETA), an inverse source localization program, can provide functional images representing increased slow wave activity in these patients compared to normal subjects. METHODS: The current study was performed by 18 channels digital EEG for 10 patients whose organic deficit have been visually confirmed by CT or MRI. The source images of slow wave (1-7 Hz) frequency were produced by LORETA-key program. RESULTS: We found that in eight out of ten subjects, LORETA successfully found out the source regions which were very closely matched to their original brain lesions. However in two subjects whose organic brain lesions were too small (<1 cm) and located out of gray matter, we failed to find any increased slow wave activity compared with normal control. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that LORETA could be a useful method to provide functional imaging in patients with gray matter deficits in their brain. Its usefulness and limitations were discussed.
Brain* ; Electroencephalography ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnets* ; Neuroimaging*

Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies have identified brain regions associated with different forms of memory and learning. The purpose of this study was to summarize the results of functional neuroimaging studies to construct brain maps for memory and learning. Working memory is associated with the bilateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and temporal, and parietal regions ; semantic memory with the left prefrontal and temporal regions ; episodic memory encoding with the left prefrontal and medial temporal regions ; episodic memory retrieval with the right prefrontal, and posterior midline, and medial temporal regions ; skill learning with the motor, parietal, and subcortical regions ; priming with the fusiform and neocortex ; and classical conditioning with the cerebellum. More recent studies have provided higher specificity, by dissociating the neural correlates of different subcomponents of complex memory tasks and the cognitive roles of different subregions of larger brain areas.
Brain Mapping* ; Brain* ; Cerebellum ; Conditioning, Classical ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Learning* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory* ; Memory, Episodic ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neocortex ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Rabeprazole ; Semantics ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Recently, social cognition is becoming a hot issue in field of schizophrenia research. There are increasing demands for more clear definition of terms and knowledge about neurobiology of social cognition in schizophrenia. One of the reasons why it receives so much attention would be its role of predicting the functional outcomes of schizophrenia patients. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the concepts and neural correlates of social cognition in schizophrenia. Functional brain imaging studies as well as behavioral studies were reviewed.
Cognition* ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Neurobiology* ; Schizophrenia* ; Theory of Mind