Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the problems in the adverse drug report (ADR) system in early post-marketing vigilance phase (EPM phase) in Japan.
Methods: The incidence of all ADRs and the ratio of serious ADRs were compared between the new drug application phase (ND phase) and the EPM phase.  The target medicines were Moxifloxacin (Avelox®tablets, 400mg), Gatifloxacin (Gatiflo®tablets, 100mg) and Prulifloxacin (Sword®tablets, 100mg).
Results: The average incidence of all ADRs in the ND phase was 100-fold greater than that in the EPM phase.  There were also 2-fold differences in the ratio of serious ADRs of individual medicines.
Conclusion: There are several problems with the ADR system in the EPM phase in Japan.  It is currently possible that the implementation of EPM will vary between in individual medicines and companies.  This suggests that the present data cannot be applied universally.  Thus, there is an urgent need to standardize the implementation of EPM.

This study examined and improved the quality of inter-professional moral case deliberation (MCD) in a home-based medical care clinic by altering the MCD process and evaluating it using the REFLECT rubric. After altering the MCD process, four of the five main evaluation items in the questionnaire were shifted to a higher evaluation level employing a scaled evaluation. The free-entry field revealed future tasks. This report suggested that improving the quality and assessment of MCD using REFLECT promotes the reflection skills of clinical teams.

Introduction : This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the presence of someone to care for and the subjective QOL (quality of life) of local elderly people.
Methods : Data for 7,728 residents aged 65 and above was obtained from the everyday life sphere needs survey implemented by the government of Nanto City, Toyama Prefecture, between May to July, 2014. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between two sets of variables : first, the presence (or absence) of “something to live for”, “sense of fulfillment”, and “self-esteem” as indicators of the respondents'subjective QOL ; and second, a set of explanatory variables (common to all models) including the presence of someone to care for, indicators of the personal attributes, health, and life style of the respondents.
Results : The presence of someone to care for was positively related to the presence of “something to live for,” “sense of fulfillment,” and “self-esteem,” which were indicators of subjective QOL, even after several indicators of personal attributes, health, and life style were accounted for.
Conclusion : Promoting mutual help in local areas has a positive significance for those elderly who take care of others, as well as for those who accept care. The results also suggest the social importance of being the recipient of care in the elderly.

Background: Urosepsis is a potentially fatal syndrome that is sometimes difficult to diagnose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to clarify the clinical and laboratory characteristics and pitfalls in the diagnosis of urosepsis.
Methods: We enrolled the study participants based on clinical records of patients with urosepsis treated between January 2009 and April 2012 inclusive, in the Department of General Internal Medicine, Toyama University Hospital and retrospectively surveyed underlying diseases, clinical symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory data, respectively.
Results: Ten definitive patients were selected (nine females and one male; age, 55–86 years). Fever was the most frequent symptom followed by nausea. Lower back pain was the chief complaint in only two patients. One patient complained of dysuria, and on examination half of the patients lacked costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. Five patients showed elevated liver enzymes without evidence of hyperbilirubinemia.
Conclusions: There were no specific clinical characteristics of urosepsis, and symptoms in some patients resembled digestive diseases such as cholangitis. Our results demonstrate that use of dipstick urinalysis and microscopic urinalysis are essential for the diagnosis in patients with sepsis. Abdominal ultrasonography and/or computed tomography should also be considered to rule out false negative results of urinalysis related to urinary tract obstruction, and to detect other focal infections when appropriate.

The purpose of this study was to prove the hypothesis that the effect of strength training is memorized and reinforced by retraining. Untrained university-age men participated in this training program. The retraining leg was subjected to 5 weeks of isometric training, 17 weeks of detraining and 5 weeks of retraining in knee extension. The contralateral training leg was subjected to 5 weeks of isometric training during the same period as the retraining phase of the retraining leg. Maximal isometric torque of knee extension increased after the 5-week training and remained at the trained level during the 17week detraining period. Torque gain by retraining of the retraining leg was 2.6 times greater than that of the contralateral training leg. These changes in isometric torque corres-ponded with changes in iEMG of the vastus lateralis. The cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris muscle did not change with training. Results support the hypothesis that the effect of strength training is memorized and reinforced by retraining. In addition, results show that these adaptations would be explained by recruitment and rate coding of motor units.

Objective: In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey of hospital pharmacists throughout Japan with the aim of identifying the most-requested in-hospital preparations and off-label use drugs, and exploring the possibility of commercializing them.Methods: The Commercialization Study Group of the Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists conducted a questionnaire survey on the Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists website targeting hospital pharmacists who are members of the Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists. The period of the survey was from February 1, 2019 until January 21, 2020. In the questionnaire, the respondents wrote specific product names (generic names), specifications, and dosage forms that they would like to see improved and made commercially available in a free-text format. In addition, respondents chose their reasons for wanting the product to be improved or made commercially available from a list.Results: A total of 1,627 drugs were requested to be made commercially available. After duplicates and insufficient descriptions were excluded, the total was 553. The drugs that were most frequently requested were Levothyroxine suppositories, followed by Mohs’ ointment and Ulinastatin vaginal suppositories.Discussion: This survey identified certain drugs that pharmacists want to be commercialized and the specific reasons why. In-hospital preparations not only benefit patients whose diseases are becoming more complex and difficult to treat with existing prescription drugs, but also enable pharmacists to demonstrate their abilities. We believe that the commercialization of these important in-hospital preparations and off-label drugs will help avoid various risks associated with dispensing them and enhance the pharmacy profession. For this reason, pharmaceutical drug companies should conduct further surveys on the actual use of and literature research on the efficacy and safety of the drugs that were ranked high on the questionnaire and start considering their commercialization.

Objective: The internet isflooded with drug information; however, some of it isinappropriate and thisinadequate information could expose the public to health hazards. Therefore, we conducted research on the idea of transmitting drug information to the public via the internet and the current state of the information currently provided by each academic society relevant to the field of Medical Informatics.Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to the website managers for the website of 129 specialist medical societies, all members of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences. We conducted our research between October to November 2018. We investigated each website administrator’s opinion about offering drug information for consumers via the internet and what information each academic society is currently providing.Results: The effective response rate was 43.4% (56/129 groups). Most respondents thought that drug information overflowed in the current Internet society. Moreover, more than half of the respondents thought that the quality of drug information transmitted to the public wasinadequate. Currently, 30 of the academic groupssurveyed are providing information to the public. When providing information, they did not refer to the “Drug Guide for Patients” much. More than 80% of respondents said they would cooperate with linking to the information provided to the public. However, each academic society felt there would be many problems with doing so such as the need for a system to check the contents of the information provided and a system to perform maintenance.Conclusion: The results showed that the website administrators recognized that there is a need to improve the quality of and system for providing drug information to the public. We believe that an integrated information system can be constructed by aggregating the drug information held by each academic society. However, this cannot be realized without first solving many problems.