MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding molecules of ribonucleic acid. They are about 22 nucleotides in length, single-stranded, and mediate post-translational regulation by the repression or degradation of messenger RNA(mRNA). miRNA play a key part in the proliferation, differentiation and death of cells. Viral infection is one of the most common causes of human disease. Some studies have found that miRNA has a very close relationship with viral infection, which has an effect on viral replication, the immune response and antiviral immunity. Use of miRNA may become the cornerstone of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infection. This article summarizes the progress of research into miRNA and viral infection.
Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication ; Viruses ; genetics

Objective To study the analgesic effects of combination of fortanodyn and verapamil. Methods Used the model of the acetic acid induction writhing in mice and the method of hot-plate in mice, then observe the action of the mice after treatment with combination of fortanodyn and verapamil. Results Low dose Verapamil com-bined AP237 (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg)could enhance the threshold of pain of the mouse ache response obviously, and postponed the time which the mouse ache appeared (comparing using simply AP237 P <0.05 with controlled group P <0. 01) ;Low dose Verapamil combined AP237 (20 mg/kg,40 mg/kg) had the obvious inhibitory action in the body turning times of the mouse. Conclusion Verapamil can strengthen the analgesia function of AP237.

Objective To investigate the causes and prevention of hemorrhage and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during the endoscopic thyroidectomy via the breast areola approach.Methods Totally 36 patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy via the breast areola approach from January 2006 to January 2008.Results All the procedures were completed under an endoscope with a mean operation time of 105 min(50 to 180 min),and mean blood loss of 30 ml(20 to 150 ml).None of the patients were converted to an open surgery.One patient developed fat liquefaction,and one showed subcutaneous emphysema,no patient had injuries to any of the nerves or the parathyroid glands.The drainage tube was removed in 24 to 72 months after the surgery.The patients were discharged from the hospital 3 to 7 days postoperation.Postoperative pathological examination showed thyroid adenoma in 7 cases and thyroid nodular goiter in 29.The 36 patients were followed up for 3 to 24 months with a mean of 12 months.During the period,3 patients complained of chest symptoms and were cured spontaneously in 3 to 7 months.All the patients were satisfied with the aesthetic outcomes,none of them had local recurrence of the tumor.Conclusions Endoscopic thyroidectomy via the breasts areola approach is feasible and effective with good short-term and aesthetic outcomes.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features of primary gastric malignant lymphoma.Methods 32 cases of primary gastric non Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma(NHL)were studied by clinicopathology,immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure.Results 3 cases of NHL arose from fundus of stomach,7 cases from body of stomach,8 cases from gastric angle,and 14 cases from gastric antrum.The paraffin sections of all cases were stained.There were 31 cases(96\^9%)exhibiting B cell phenotype,only 1 case(3\^1%)exhibiting T cell phenotype.11 cases of NHL and 6 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma(UC)in stomach were observed comparatively under electron microscope(EM).The ultrastructural characteristics of NHL were much different from those of UC.Conclusion Most primary gastric malignant lymphoma are B cell lymphomas.Immunohistochemistry and ultrastuctural observation are much helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis between NHL and UC.

Purpose: To enhance one's ability to diagnose intracranial microcystic meningioma. Methods: Fifteen cases of intracranial microcystic meningioma have been studied either clinicopathologically, or ultrastructurally or immunohistochemically. Results: The results indicate that electron microscopy and immunohistochemically are very helpful for the diagnosis of the tumor. There was no predilection as to location, however the tumor was more common on the base of skull. Vacuole-like structure and/or vesicular dilatation could be seen in the cytoplasm and capillaries could be observed in between the spindle cells by light microscopy. Under electron microscopy, the processes separated from each other and formed into a cystic structure, and bundles of collagenous fiber could be found in it. In immunohistochemistry, the stains with vimentin and epithelium membrane antigen (EMA) were positive. Conclusions: Intracranial microcystic meningioma has some characteristics under the microscope, immunohistochemistry is helpful in its diagnosis, and election microscopy can confirm this diagnosis.

Objective To further understand the etiology,definition,clinical manifestation,prognosis and treatment of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis.Method Retrospective study of23patients with leuko-cytoclastic vasculitis followed up at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from1990to2001.Results Twenty patients were classified as hypersensitive vasculitis,one of whom was diagnosed as Wegeners granulo-matosis2.5years later,two were diagnosed as urticarial vasculitis,and one was systemic lupus erythematosus.Conclusion Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis,which is usually a benign syndrome,may be caused by in-fection or drugs.Its main clinical manifestaions are skin symptoms.

Objective To evaluate the incidence,severity,risk tactors and impact to prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) by using acute kidney injury network (AKIN) classification system.Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out in 136 patients with sTBI hospitalized between January 2007 and May 2011.Demographic data,admission evaluation (whether with hernia or not on admission,systolic pressure and mean arterial blood pressure,serum creatinine and urea nitrogen,and blood glucose),outcome at 6 months post-injury and mortality were collected.Renal function was assessed using AKIN criteria.The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of AKI (non-AKI group and AKI group).According to the severity of AKI,AKI group was further classified as AKI grade 1 group,AKI grade 2 group and AKI grade 3 group.The differences among groups were analyzed.Results According to AKIN classification system,31 (23％) out of the 136 patients were diagnosed as being with AKI,including 21 cases (68％) in AKI grade 1 group and 10 cases (32％) in AKI grade 2 and 3 groups.The patients at older age and with lower Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission,higher levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen on admission were prone to AKI.As compared with TBI patients with normal renal function,TBI patients associated with AKI had higher mortality and worse outcome.Conclusions AKI is a common complication of patients with sTBI.AKIN classification system can early diagnose AKI in sTBI patients and may contribute to improvement of the outcome.

This study is to investigate the effect of the major chemical composition in rhizome of Pterocypsela elata, lactuside B, on expression of bcl-2, bax mRNA and their protein in rats' cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. First, middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion injury model was established, and each group was treated with the corresponding medicines. Animals were separately sacrificed at 24 h and 72 h. The brain infarct volumes were detected by TTC dye, bcl-2 and bax mRNA expression was checked by RT-PCR, and the proteins of bcl-2 and bax were explored by two-step immunohistochemistry in cerebral cortex of rats. Lactuside B can reduce brain infarct volume of cerebral cortex of rats, increase the expression of bcl-2 mRNA and decrease that of bax mRNA. Moreover, the ratio of bcl-2 to bax mRNA is higher in 12.5 and 25 mg kg(-1) dose group, respectively, which is significantly different from that of model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Generally, either 12.5 or 25 mg kg(-1) dose group is better than positive control medicine nimodipine (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In addition, the expression of bcl-2 and bax protein is consistent with their gene expression. Infarct volume and the ratio of bcl-2 to bax mRNA expression are significantly different (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) between 72 h and 24 h group. The results demonstrated that lactuside B could play a good role in resisting cerebral ischemia by upregulating the expression of bcl-2 mRNA and protein and downregulating that of bax mRNA and protein.

Objective To obtain the soluble single-chain fragment V (ScFv)monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against the SSA antigen epitopes.Methods Three octapeptides (60 000 SSA antigen residues 482-493 termed as P1 epitope, residues 310-323 termed as P2 epitope and residues 230-241 termed as P3 epitope) were synthesized on the lysine frame.The McAbs were panned by coating the corresponding as targets.The specificity, affinity and gene squences of the positive clones were assessed.Soluble single-chain fragment V antibodies special for SSA antigen epitopes were expressed and then identificated.Results After 5 rounds of panning, reactive scFv clones contained full-length scFv antibodies coding regions were obtained,with sufficient affinity and specificity for respective antigen peptides.The absorbance values at 410 nm of the fusion protein of anti-P1-P3 activity with the corresponding peptides were 1.43 ± 0.23, 0.82 ±0.31 and 0.80 ± 0.25, and there was also statistically significant difference in the cross reactions ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Three clones were successfully expressed and then purified by His-bind resin.The activity in vivo of soluble ScFv antibodies was identified to be positive by the indirect immune-fluorescence assay on Hep-2 cells.Conclusion Souble ScFv McAbs against corresponding SSA antigen peptides with high affinity,specificity and activity in vivo were obtained, which are to be competent enough for epitopes expression on the target organs.

Objective To study the changes of clonality of T cell receptor (TCR) and complementarity determinative region 3(CDR3) before and after autologous peripheral blood CD34+ stem cell transplantation(auto-PBSCT) for severe/refractory connective tissue disease(CTD). Methods Thirteen patients with severe/refractory CTD were enrolled for auto-PBSCT in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, including systemic lupus erythematosus (8 cases), rheumatoid arthritis(4 cases), and primary Sjogren’s Syndrome(1 case). Blood samples were collected before/after mobilization, 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months post-transplantation. Diversity of TCRBV and CDR3 were showed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and genescan. Results The TCR BV usage and CDR3 spectral pattern of pre-auto-PBSCT CTD patients were revealed skewed pattern and oligoclonality, Which developed severe oligoclonality within 1 months after auto-PBSCT. However, they showed diversity andpoly-clonality 3～6 months after auto-PBSCT. Conclusion Skewed pattern and oligoclonality of TCRBV and CDR3 which implied auto-reactive were depressed after auto-PBSCT, and inclined to change to normal pattern.