Objective To compare dexmedetomidine versus midazolam sedation for myocardial protection in the patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods Sixty patients with acute myocardial infarction who required for emergency PCI,were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table:dexmedetomidine group (group D) and midazolam group (group M).In group D,a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was infused intravenously for 10 min before surgery.In group M,midazolam 0.05 mg/kg was injected intravenously before surgery.Dexmedetomidine 0.2-1.4 μg· kg-1 · h-1 and midazolam 0.02-0.10 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 were given via a pump during surgery until the end of surgery in the two groups.The RASS score was maintained at-2-2 in two groups.Before administration and on 3rd day after surgery,cardiovascular color doppler ultrasound was performed to record left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),venous blood samples were collected for determination of the levels of serum myocardial enzyme and cardiac troponin I (cTnI),and the development of surgical complications,duration of ICU stay and length of hospital stay were recorded.Results Compared with group M,the activities of serum creatine kinase,creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB,aspartate amino transferase and lactic dehydrogenase and cTnI concentrations were significantly decreased,LVEF was increased,and duration of ICU stay and length of hospital stay were shortened in group D.There was no significant difference in the development of postoperative complications between the two groups.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine sedation provides better efficacy for myocardial protection and prognosis and is more suitable for sedation than midazolam in the patients undergoing PCI.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the inflammatory responses in brain tissues in septic rats.Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 10 weeks,weighing 250-280 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =18 each):control group (group C); sepsis group (group lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) ; distilled water group (group DW) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).Sepsis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS 5 mg/kg (dissolved in normal saline 1 ml) in groups LPS,DW and DEX,while normal saline 1 ml was injected intraperitoneally in group C.Distilled water 20 μl was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in group DW,while dexmedetomidine 3 μg/kg (dissolved in distilled water 20μl) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in group DEX.Six animals were sacrificed at 1,2 and 6 h after administration and hippocampi were removed for determination of TNF-α and IL-6 contents (by ELISA) and TLR4 mRNA expression in hippocampal tissues (by RT-PCR).Results Compared with group C,TNF-α and IL-6 contents in hippocampus tissues were significantly increased at each time point after administration in group LPS (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group LPS,no significant change was found in TNF-α and IL-6 contents in hippocampal tissues (P ＞ 0.05),and TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated at each time point after administration in group DW (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group DW,TNF-α and IL-6 contents in hippocampal tissues were significantly decreased at each time point after administration,and TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated at 2 and 6 h after administration in group DEX (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce inflammatory responses in brain tissues in septic rats via down-regulating TLR-4 mRNA expression.

Objective:To investigate the effect of oxycodone hydrochloride on patients with analgesic effect and immune function of intestinal tumor after operation.Methods:50 patients with intestinal tumor from June 2014 to December 2016 who were treated in our hospital were selected randomly to divide into oxycodone group and fentanyl group with 25 cases in each group.Patients in oxycodone group were given oxycodone hydrochloride intravenous injection of 5mg 15 minutes before the end of surgery;and patients in fentany group were given fentany intravenous injection of 50ug 15 minutes before the end of surgery.Visual analogue scale (VAS),ramsey sedation score were observed at 3 h (T0),6 h (T1),12 h (T2),24 h (T3) 48 h (T4) after operation,Levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+ and NK cells measured before anesthesia,and at T2,T3,T4 respectively.Results:At time point of T1,T2,Ramsey scores of oxycodone group were significantly lower than that of fentany group (P＜0.05),At time point ofT0,T3,T4,Ramsey scores of the two groups showed no significant difference (P＞0.05).At time point of T2,T3,T4,levels of serum TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10 of two groups of patients were significantly higher than those of anesthesia before (P＜0.05),TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10 ofoxycodone group was significantly lower than those of fentany group (P＜0.05).At time point ofT2,T3,T4,CD4+/at CD4+ of the two groups were significantly decreased,and CD8+ was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Levels of CD4+,CD4+/CD8+ of oxycodone group was significantly higher than that of fentany group (P＜0.05),and level ofCD8+ was significantly higher than that of fentany group.At time point of T2,T3,NK cells of two groups were significantly decreased,NK cells of oxycodone group were significantly higher than that of oxycodone group (P＜0.05).Differences among postoperative nausea,vomiting,respiratory depression,dizziness,skin itching incidence of two groups of patients were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).Conclusion:Oxycodone hydrochloride has little effect on the immune function of patients with intestinal tumor,and it is suitable for Postoperative analgesia of patients with intestinal tumor.

Objective To compare the time course of distribution and elimination of gelatin and lactated Ringer's solution (LR) by volume kinetics and mass balance analysis during hemorrhagic shock in dogs, and try to design and optimize fluid therapy in a more scientific manner. Methods Twenty dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups: CL group, CG group, BL group, and BG group. Each animal was subjected to two randomly ordered experiments that separated for at least 1 week. In the first phase, plasma volume expansion was studied in the state of anesthesia, animals received 30 mL/kg of LR (CL group) or 10 mL/kg of gelatin (CG group) over 30 min. In the second phase, plasma volume expansion was studied in the state of hemorrhagic shock, animals received 30 mL/kg of LR (BL group) or 10 mL/kg of gelatin (BG group) over 30 min. Hb concentration and Hct were measured every 5 min during and after infusion for 90 min. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at the same time. The distribution and elimination of infused fluid were studied by volume kinetics, based on serial analysis of hemoglobin dilution in arterial blood, and by mass balance that incorporated volume calculations derived from volume kinetic analysis and measurements of urinary volumes. Results When a one-volume kinetic model was fitted to the data, the value of V and Kr in CG, BL, and BG group were significantly smaller than those in CL group (P<0.05), which could be found from the computer-generated curves.When a two-volume kinetic model was fitted to the data, the value of V1, Kr, Kt in BL group were significantly smaller than those in CL group (P<0.05). The calculations based on mass balance corresponded to the predicted based on volume kinetics. The change of central volume (CCV) in BL, BG, and CG group was significantly greater than those in CL group (P<0.05). The VEE in BG and CG group was significantly higher than that in BL and CL group. The value of VEE in BL group was significantly higher than that in CL group (P<0.05). Conclusions Both of the efficacy of lactated Ringer's solution and gelatin increased significantly in the state of hemorrhagic shock, and the former increased more.

ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between stroke volume variation (SVV) and blood volume during hypovolemia.MethodsTwenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 20-64 yr,with body mass index 20-30 kg/m2,scheduled for elective orthopedic operation,were studied.Anesthesia was induced with dexamethasone,midazolam,propofol,fentanyl and cisatracurium and maintained with sevoflurane,fentanyl and cisatracurium.The patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.HR,MAP,CVP,arterial pressure-based cardiac output (APCO),SVV,systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac index (CI) were recorded 5 min after tracheal intubation.Blood was taken from central vein at a rate of 30-50 ml/min,the volume was 5％ of the whole blood volume and the haemodynamic parameters mentioned above were recorded after the haemodynamics was kept stable for 5 min.Blood was taken again as the method mentioned above and the haemodynamic parameters were recorded.6％ HES 130/0.4 was then infused at 50-70 ml/min via right internal jugular vein,the volume was equal to 5 ％ of the whole blood volume and the haemodynamic parameters were recorded after the haemodynamics was kept stable for 5 min.Fluid replacement was performed again using the method mentioned above and the haemodynamic parameters were recorded.Linear correlation of the change in blood volume (difference between the blood volume at each time point and the baseline value) with dSVV (difference between the value monitored at each time point and the baseline value) was analyzed.ResultsThere was significant change in SVV,APCO and CI after each change in blood volume ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01),while there was not always significant change in HR,MAP,CVP and SVR after each change in blood volume.The change in blood volume was negatively correlated with dSVV ( r =- 0.875,P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionThere is high correlation between SVV and blood volume during hypovolemia and SVV can reflect the change in blood volume accurately and be used for volume therapy during hypovolemia.

Objective To investigate the correlation between stroke volume variation (SVV) and blood volume during hypovolemia.Methods Twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 20-64 years,with body mass index (BMI) of 20-30 kg/m2,scheduled for elective orthopedic operation were enrolled in this study.Anesthesia was induced with dexamethasone,midazolam,propofol,fentanyl and cisatracurium,and maintained with sevoflurane,fentanyl and cisatracurium.Then the patients received endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.Heart rate (HR),mean arterial blood pressure (MAP),central venous pressure (CVP),arterial pressure-based cardiac output (APCO),SW,systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac index (Cl) were recorded 5 minutes after endotracheal intubation.Blood was taken from the central vein at a rate of 30-50 ml/min and the volume was 5％ of the whole blood volume,and then haemodynamic parameters mentioned above were recorded after the haemodynamics were kept stable for 5 minutes.Blood was taken again with the method mentioned above and the haemodynamic parameters were recorded.Then 6％ hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 was infused at 50-70 ml/min via the right internal jugular vein,and the volume was equal to 5％ of the whole blood volume,and then haemodynamic parameters were recorded after the haemodynamics was kept stable for 5 minutes.Fluid replacement was performed again using the method mentioned above and the haemodynamic parameters were recorded.Linear correlation of the changes in blood volume (difference between the blood volume at each time point and the baseline value) with dSVV (difference between the value monitored at each time point and the baseline value) was analyzed.Results Significant changes were found in SW,APCO and Cl after each change in blood volume (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01),while no significant changes were found in HR,MAP,CVP and SVR after each change in blood volume.The change in blood volume was negatively correlated with dSVV (r =-0.875,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion There is high correlation between SVV and blood volume during hypovolemia.And SVV can reflect the changes in blood volume accurately and can be used for volume therapy during hypovolemia.

Objective:To evaluate the sedative effect of remimazolam for induction of general anesthesia in elderly patients.Methods:One hundred patients of both sexes, aged 65-75 yr, with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, undergoing elective general anesthesia requiring tracheal intubation, were divided into 4 groups ( n=25 each) using a random number table method: propofol group (group P) and three different doses of remimazolam groups (group R1, group R2 and group R3). In group P, general anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5 mg/kg intravenously injected over 30 s, cisatracurium 0.2 mg/kg and fentanyl 4 μg/kg were intravenously injected when bispectral index (BIS) value ≤ 60, and endotracheal intubation was performed.In R1, R2 and R3 groups, general anesthesia was induced with 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg of remimazolam intravenously injected over 30 s, respectively, cisatracurium 0.2 mg/kg and fentanyl 4 μg/kg were intravenously injected when BIS value ≤ 60, and endotracheal intubation was performed.When the BIS value was > 60 during the induction of anesthesia, propofol 0.5 mg/kg was intravenously injected per time for rescue sedation in group P, and remimazolam 0.05 mg/kg was intravenously injected per time for rescue sedation until the BIS value ≤ 60, with the interval between the two injections > 1 min in R1, R2, and R3 groups.The onset time of propofol or remazolam was recorded.The occurrence of hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia, injection pain and rescue sedation during the induction of anesthesia was recorded.The occurrence of intraoperative awareness was recorded during follow-up at 1 day after surgery. Results:Compared with group P, the rate of rescue sedation was significantly increased in group R1, the incidence of hypoxemia was significantly reduced in R1 and R2 groups, the onset time was significantly prolonged, and the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia and injection pain was decreased in R1, R2 and R3 groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group R1, the rate of rescue sedation was significantly decreased in R2 and R3 groups ( P<0.05). Compared with R1 and R2 groups, the incidence of hypoxemia was significantly increased in group R3 ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypotension, hypoxemia and injection pain among R1 group, R2 group and R3 group ( P>0.05). No hypertension and intraoperative awareness was found in the four groups. Conclusion:Remimazolam can be safely and effectively used for sedation during induction of general anesthesia in elderly patients, and the optimal dose is 0.3 mg/kg.

Objective To evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to sevoflurane for anesthesia or surgery on social interaction behaviors in offspring mice. Methods Fifteen pregnant C57BL∕6 mice on ges-tational day 18 were assigned into 3 groups(n=5 each)using a random number table: control group (group C), sevoflurane anesthesia group(group Sevo)and surgery group(group Surg). Group C inhaled 100% oxygen for 2 h in group C. Group Sevo inhaled 3% sevoflurane in oxygen for 2 h. In group Surg, 3%sevoflurane in oxygen was inhaled for 2 h and exploratory laparotomy was performed. At juvenile age(on 30th day after births)and in early adulthood(on 60th day after births), the offspring mice underwent so-cial interaction tests using the three-chambered sociability paradigm, including sociability and preference for social novelty. Results During 1st testing phase: there was no significant difference in time spent in ex-ploring the chamber on the left and right sides or in sniffing directed at the empty wire cage on the left and right sides among the three groups(P>005). During 2nd testing phase: time spent in exploring the cham-ber containing stranger-1 mouse in the wire cage and in sniffing directed at the wire cage containing stranger-1 mouse was significantly prolonged at juvenile age and in early adulthood in three groups when compared with the empty wire cage(P<005). During 3rd testing phase: compared with stranger-1 mouse, time spent in exploring the chamber containing stranger-2 mouse at juvenile age and in sniffing directed at the wire cage containing stranger-2 mouse at juvenile age and in early adulthood was significantly prolonged in group C, time spent in exploring the chamber containing stranger-2 mouse and in sniffing directed at the wire cage containing stranger-2 mouse was significantly prolonged in early adulthood in group Sevo, and time spent in sniffing directed at the wire cage containing stranger-2 mouse was significantly prolonged in early adulthood in group Surg(P<005). Conclusion Maternal exposure to sevoflurane for anesthesia or surgery induces social interaction deficits in the offspring mice in which lower levels of preference for social novelty are detected, especially at juvenile age.

Objective To investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of nicorandil on lung injury of the collapsed lung in one-lung ventilation.Methods Twenty-four clean Japanese big-ear rabbits were randomly divided into sham group (group S) (two-lung ventilation + thoracotomy),negative control group (group C) (one-lung ventilation + thoracotomy + saline),nicorandil group (group N) (one-lung ventilation+thoracotomy+nicorandil) and antagonist group (group J) (onelung ventilation+ thoracotomy+ nicorandil+ glyburide) equally.Mechanical ventilation was implemented through self-made double-lumen endotracheal tube after intravenous induction through ear marginal vein.Intravenous maintenance medicine was infused by trace injection pump after anesthesia induction.Thoracic surgery was simulated through one-lung or two-lung ventilation determined by auscultation,bubble test and direct observation.Then wet and dry weight ratio (W/D) and content of MDA were measured after non-ventilatory lung was processed and preserved.The expression of Akt,p-Akt and NF-κB protein in non-ventilatory lung tissue were detected by Western-blot in all groups.Results In respects of W/D and content of MDA,the other three groups had significant differences compared with group S (P ＜ 0.05).It was significantly lower in group N than in group C (P ＜0.05),and it was significantly higher in group J than in group N (P＜0.05).The expressions of pAkt protein and p-Akt/Akt in group N were significantly higher than those in group S and group C (P＜0.05).Those of group J were significantly lower than group N (P＜0.05).Compared with group S,the expression of NF-κB protein in group C was significantly higher (P＜0.05).That of group N was significantly lower than that of group C (P＜0.05).But that in group J was higher than that in group N (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Nicorandil has a protective effect on the collapse and inflation of non-ventilatory lung in rabbits under one-lung ventilation,acting on mitoKATP through PI3K/Akt,and down-regulating NF-κB to reduce IR-induced lung injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of nicorandil on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α mRNA and protein in lung tissue of one-lung ventilation.Methods Twenty-four clean New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into sham group (group S) (two-lung ventilation+thoracotomy),negative control group (group C) (one-lung ventilation + thoracotomy + saline),nicorandil group (group N) (one-lung ventilation+ thoracotomy+ nicorandil) and antagonist group (group J) (one-lung ventilation + thoracotomy + nicorandil + glibenclanide) equally.The implementation of mechanical ventilation depended on self-made double-lumen endotracheal tube after intravenous induction through ear marginal vein.Intravenous maintenance medicine was infused by trace injection pump after anesthesia induction.The implementation of thoracic surgery was simulated through one-lung and two-lung ventilation by auscultation,bubble test and direct observation.Group S was given anaesthesia only,no one-lung ventilation group S,the other three groups had single lung ventilation,and the drug was injected before the operation.Group N was infused nicorandil 100 ptg· kg-1 · h-1 before the implementation of single lung ventilation for 1 h.Group C was injected with the same amount of normal saline.Group J was intravenous infusion of glibenclamide 75 μg· kg-1 · h-1 and nieorandil 100μg · kg-1 · h-1 the implementation of single lung ventilation for 1 h.Then wet and dry weight ratio(W/D) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured after non-ventilatory lung was processed and preserved.The expression of HIF-1α protein of non ventilatory lung tissue was detected by Western-blot in the four groups.The transcription of HIF-1α mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in all groups.Results W/D in groups C and J were significantly higher compared with that of groups S and N (P＜0.05).The activity of SOD in groups C and J was significantly lower compared with groups S and N (P＜0.05).The expression of HIF1α protein and transcription of HIF-1α mRNA in groups C,N and J were significantly higher than those in group S,and that of group N was significantly higher than those of groups C and J (P＜0.05).Conclsion Nicorandil has a protective effect on the collapse and inflation of non-ventilatory lung in rabbit with one-lung ventilation,reducing oxidative stress by SOD,acting on mito KATP and coming into play by up-regulation of HIF-1α.