Objective To investigate the clinical features,diagnosis and treatment experience of idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum(ICS).Methods We report 5 cases with a 4-month to 20-year history of ICS.The related literatures were reviewed.Results The multiple scrotum masses in these patients were increased slowly in size and number.The levels of blood calcium and phosphorus were normal.Histopathologically,nodules were composed of basophilic calcified material and located in the dermis.There was no epithelial lining around the calcified nodules.Conclusion ICS is a rare localized benign disease.The diagnosis of the tumor relies largely on the histopathology.Surgical excision is the best choice for treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze external factors affecting auditory ability of infants and toddlers after cochlear implantation in the first year of switch-on. METHOD: Seventy-five infants and toddlers after cochlear implantation were selected as subjects, using LittlEARS Auditory Questionnaire to assess and analyze the correlations with auditory ability and external factors (including gender, cochlear implanted age, pre-implant hearing aid fitting, caregivers' education background, household income and rehabilitation modes) in different stages (before switch-on, and 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months after switch-on). RESULT: The mean scores of LittlEARS were significantly different in cochlear implanted age group, pre-implant hearing aid fitting group and rehabilitation modes group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in other groups such as external factor gender, caregivers' education background and household income (P > 0.05). The correlations with the mean scores of LittlEARS and cochlear implantation age or pre-implant hearing aid fitting were significant at 3 months or 6 months after switch-on(/r/ ≥ 0. 3, P < 0.01). However, the correlation with the mean scores of LittlEARS and rehabilitation modes was significant at 12 months after switch-on(/r/ > ≥ 0.3, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Cochlear implanted age and pre-implant hearing aid fitting were the important factors affecting auditory ability of infants and toddlers after cochlear implantation in the first year of switch-on. The effect of rehabilitation modes on auditory ability of infants and toddlers after cochlear implantation was slow.
Age Factors ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness ; rehabilitation ; Hearing ; Hearing Aids ; Humans ; Infant ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE To determ ine the contents of main active constituents in Gynura divaricata leaf with different drying methods and at different harvesting time ，so as to confirm the best drying method and harvesting time. METHODS G. divaricata leaf with different drying methods [drying in the shade ，drying in the sun ，oven drying （60℃，70℃，80℃），microwave drying and freeze drying] and different harvesting time （March to October ）were prepared. The content of water-soluble extract was determined by hot dip method. The contents of total flavonoids and polysaccharides were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The content of astragalin was determined by HPLC. Analytic hierarchy process was used for comprehensive analysis. RESULTS The time of drying in the shade ，drying in the sun ，drying at 60 ℃，drying at 70 ℃，drying at 80 ℃， microwave drying and freeze drying were 7 d，5 d，8 h，5 h，3.5 h，6 min and 1 d respectively. The average contents of water-soluble extract in G. divaricata leaf were 55.98％，60.78％，52.33％，49.54％，46.87％，59.70％ and 58.24％；those of total flavonoids were 3.27％，3.22％，1.99％，1.70％，1.31％，3.92％ and 2.28％；those of polysaccharides were 4.70％，6.09％， 6.48％，5.45％，5.74％，5.76％ and 7.15％；those of astragalin were 0.48％，0.46％，0.24％，0.23％，0.20％，0.48％，0.29％. The comprehensive score of microwave drying was the highest ，being 0.996 3. The average contents of water-soluble extract from March to October were 41.50％，40.57％，39.16％，40.65％，40.68％，43.30％，45.19％ and 40.12％；those of total flavonoids were 2.24％，2.81％，3.87％，3.92％，3.82％，3.93％，3.66％ and 3.25％；those of polysaccharides were 4.41％，4.61％， 4.98％，5.26％，5.75％，5.94％，5.32％ and 4.47％；those of astragalin were 0.20％，0.21％，0.25％，0.26％，0.25％，0.24％， 0.25％ and 0.21％，respectively. The comprehensive scores of samples collected from May to September exceeded 0.92，and the comprehensive score in August was the highest （0.988 6）. CONCLUSIONS Microwave-dried Gynura divaricata leaf has the best quality ，and the best harvesting time is from May to September.