Antiglaucoma medications are the first line therapy for the patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).As these intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering agents are used for spanning years,good tolerability and better compliance are desired.Long-term application of antiglaucoma medications may exert side effects on ocular surface,which includes tear film,conjunctiva and cornea.These side effects can be attributable to the preservatives contained in the eye drops,e.g.,benzalkonium chloride (BAK).Preservative-free eye drops,vitamin A palmitate,antimetabolites,and new drug deliveries such as nanoemulsions and cationic emulsions,can contribute to minimizing the side effects as well as promoting the compliance and continuation of medication therapy.

Patients with sleep-disordered breathing with recurrent apneas exhibit autonomic dysfunction including elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and hypertension.Studies on experimental animals show that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) resulting from recurrent apneas is a major stimulus for evoking autonomic dysfunction.In rodent models,CIH enhances arterial chemoreflex function in part due to enhanced carotid body sensitivity to hypoxia.The enhanced chemo-reflex leads to elevated sympathetic nerve activity.Recent studies suggest that transcriptional changes involving hypoxiainducible factor-1 and 2 (HIF-1,HIF-2) and the resulting reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling are critical cellular mechanisms underlying the chemoreflex-mediated excitation of sympathetic nervous system by CIH.

The vagus nerve innervates most visceral organs.Upon activation,vagal efferents release acetylcholine,which influences organ function.In addition,vagal afferents convey information regarding the mechanical and chemical environment of the organ to the central nervous system (CNS).This bidirectional communication provides a mechanism for reflex regulation of the biological function of the organ.In the lung,the vagus nerve modulates airway tone,perfusion and secretion,in addition to its effects on breathing pattern.Recently,the vagus nerve has been recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of lung disease via neuro-immune interactions.The vagus nerve has significant influences in pulmonary diseases,such as asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer.In disease,the nerve is activated by cytokines,chemokines,and other mediators from many cell types to convey immunologic information to the CNS,which may alter disease outcome.Activation of the vagus nerve also releases neuropeptides to modulate immune cell behavior and can evoke the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that regulates lung inflammation.Understanding the role of the vagus nerve in neuro-immune interaction may contribute significantly to the clinical management of pulmonary diseases.

Upper cervical spinal cord injury SCI often results in diaphragm muscle (DIAm) paralysis.Clearly,it is important to understand how rhythmic phrenic activity can be restored in SCI patients.It is well establishedthatexcitatorypremotordrivetophrenicmotorneurons(PhMn)emanates predominantly from the ipsilateral medulla.As a result,after C2 spinal cord hemisection (SH) ipsilateral excitatory input is removed and rhythmic phrenic activity disappears on the affected side.However,a latent contralateral excitatory input to PhMn exists that can be strengthened with time (neuroplasticity) leading to functional recovery of rhythmic phrenic activity.Converging evidence suggests that neurotrophins (e.g.,brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF) acting through tropomyosin related kinase receptors (e.g.,TrkB) play an important role in neuroplasticity.Our results indicate that intrathecal BDNF treatment enhances functional recovery of rhythmic phrenic activity,whereas intrathecal treatment with TrkB-Fc,a fusion protein that quenches extracellular BDNF delays functional recovery.Targeted enhancement of TrkB expression in PhMn using adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) also enhances functional recovery,whereas siRNA-induced knockdown of TrkB in PhMn delays recovery.Together,these results indicate that enhancement of BDNF-TrkB signaling in PhMn may be effective therapy to promote functional recovery after upper cervical SCI.

Purpose　To explore the effects of antibiotics and herbs with removing pathogenic heat from blood on ovarian granulosa cell morphological and functions in female rats.　Methods　The granulosa cell of 30 d age SD female rats was collected,several drugs were added to the culture fluid.The culture fluid were collected to measure the sex hormone by radioimmunoassay.The cell organs of granulosa cell were measured by transmission electron microscope.　Results　Organs of the granulosa cell almost disappeared and perinuclear vesicle were founded in Amikacin sulfate group and Rhizoma zedoariae group.The progesterone levels were lower than in salline group (P<0.05).The estrogen levels of Amikacin group were lower than in saline group (P<0.05).　Conclusions　Ovarian function were obstructed in female rats when Amikacin,Rhizoma zedoariae were directly used.

Purpose　To evaluate the effects of ambroxol on prevention of premature babies with hyaline membrane disease(HMD) with prenatal corticosteroids.　Methods　Premature neonates gestational age 26-36 weeks were divided into two groups,receiving:(1) Ambroxol 30 mg/kg through umbilical vein at birth(group A,n=28) and (2) a control group not given ambroxol (group B,n=35).All the babies were exposed prenatally corticosteroids.　Results　(1) Occurrence rate of HMD in group A was 0%,group B was 11.4%,there was significant difference (P<0.05).(2) Mean fetal age of group A was 32.47+/-4.5 pregnant weeks,group B is 32.86+/-7.1 weeks.No significant difference existed.(3) Different fetal age in gruop B,such as pregnant weeks≤32,33-34,35-36,the HMD rate was separately 28.7%,15.38% and 0%,no case was found in group A.(4) There cases of 12 neonatal asphyxia happened in group B,but none of 6 in group A.　Conclusions　Definite effect can be received by applying ambroxol to prevent premature infant HMD after delivery on the bases of adenotropin before delivery.

Purpose　To study the relationship between sympathetic nerve and the branches of primary sensory neurons in dominating cervical zygapophyseal joints with the HRP retrograde tracing methods.To explore the mechanism of the external intervertebral foramen's cryical nerve compression syndrome with neck-shoulder pain and the symptom of head and face regions.　Methods　8 Wistar rats were used with the right side as experimental side and the left side as control side.5 μl of 30% HRP solution was injected into the C5/C6 cervical zygapophyseal joint capsule of the right side by microinjection syringe and 5 μl of 0.9% normal saline was injected into the left side as control.The animals survived for 48 hours and were killed by perfusing through ascending aorta.The C1-T1 DRG,cervical sympathetic ganglia and trigeminal ganglia on both sides were sectioned by frozen section method,and treated with TMB method.The HRP labeled cells in sections were observed under optical microscope.The classification and count of HRP labeled cells in DRG and cervical sympathetic ganglia on experimental sides were analysed by image pattern analysis system.　Results　There were HRP labeled cells in middle cervical ganglia,inferior cervical ganglia (stellate ganglia) and C5-C7 DRG on experimental sides after HRP injection.Most of the labeled cells were small or middle size.The sum of mean area and the mean optical density of HRP labeled cells were larger in the middle cervical ganglia and C6 DRG than that in inferior cervical ganglia(stellate ganglia) and C5 or C7 DRG separately (P<0.01).There wasn't any HRP labeled cell in C1-T1 DRG of control side and in trigeminal ganglia.　Conclusions　The cervical zygapophyseal joint mainly dominated by the sensory branches of the three cervical nerves next to it and by the branches of the sympathetic nerves.It may be related to the causing of neck-shoulder pain and the symptoms of head and face regions of patients with the external intervertebral foramen's cervical nerve compression

Purpose　To explore the effects of cervical sympathetic nerve on the axoplasmic transport of the trigeminal nerve.　Methods　48 Wistar rats were used with the right side as experimental side and the left side as control side.5 μl of 30% horseradish peroxidare(HRP) solution was injected into the symmetrical areas on both sides of the infraorbital regions.Then 0.4 ml of suspension made up of 0.2 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and 0.2 ml hydroprednisone-A was injected into C5 transverse process on the right side,and 0.4 ml of 0.9% normal saline on the control side.The animals survived for 4,6,8,10,12,14h,and were killed after perfusing through the ascending aorta.The superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and the trigeminal ganglia on both sides frozen sectioned,and treated with TMB method.The HRP labeled cells in the sections were observed under light microscope.The positive labeled cells were classified and counted.The sum of mean area and the mean optical density of HRP labeled cells in superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and the trigeminal ganglia on both sides were analysed by image pattern analysis system.　Results　The labeled cells were found in the trigeminal ganglia of the experimental sides after 6 h,the control side,8 h.The velocity of HRP axoplasmic transport of the experimental side was (5.50±0.95)mm/h,the control side (3.99±0.81)mm/h(P<0.01).The sum of mean area and the product of the sum of mean area and the mean optical density of HRP labeled cells in the trigeminal ganglia of the experimental side were larger than those of the control side (P<0.01).The labeled cells were found in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia on both sides after 8 h.The sum of mean area and the mean optical density of HRP labeled cells in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia on the control sides were larger than those of the experimental sides (P<0.01).　Conclusions　Cervical sympathetic nerve can affect the velocity of the axoplasmic transport of the trigeminal nerve.The cervical local block slows accelerates the axoplasmic transport of the cervical sympathetic nerve and the axoplasmic transport of the trigeminal nerve.

Purpose　To investigate the significance of u-PA and PAI-1 expression on the glomeruli,and the effect of heparin on their expressions in rat anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis.　Methods　We analyzed the cell proliferation and the expression of u-PA/PAI-1 on the glomeruli by immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis of immunostaining.　Results　The cell proliferation of the glomeruli decreased significantly at 7 th,14 th,21 st day after heparin treatment in comparison to the glomerulonephritic group(P<0.05 or 0.01).The expression of u-PA and PAI-1 on the glomeruli in glomerulonephritic and heparin-treated groups was higher than that in the control group.At 3 rd,7 th,14 th,21 st day,the glomerular hypercellularity in the glomerulonephritic group was closely related to the increased expression of u-PA and PAI-1(P<0.05 or 0.01).At 3 rd,7 th day,the decreased cell proliferation of the glomeruli in heparin-treated group had close relationship with the decreased expression of PAI-1(P<0.05).　Conclusions　In rat anti-thy 1 glomerulonephritis model,the expression of u-PA and PAI-1 increased with glomerular hypercellularity;heparin treatment can decrease the extent of glomerular hypercellularity in rat anti-thy 1 glomerulonephritis.The treatment function of heparin might be related with the inhibitory effect of PAI-1 expression on the glomeruli.

Purpose　To study the effects of trihexyphenidyl (THP) on levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).　Methods　SAH model of rats were used,the levels of norepinephrine (NE),dopamine(DA),5-hydroxytrypatamine (5?HT) and hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5?HIAA) were measured by flurospectrophotometry.　Results　There was an extensive increase in levels of NE (P<0.01),5?HT (P<0.01) and 5?HIAA (P<0.01) in the cerebral cortex after SAH,DA had a tendency to increase without significance.The increase in levels of NE (P<0.01),5?HT (P<0.01) and 5?HIAA (P<0.05) in the cerebral cortex after SAH could be effectively inhibited by THP.　Conclusions　There will be a remarkable increase in levels of NE,5HT and 5HIAA in the cerebral cortex after SAH,THP could significantly ameliorate the metabolic disorder of NE and 5HT after SAH