The prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs are growing important in recent years, and faced with new developments and opportunities. The author analyzed the importance of formulate national processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs combined actual work, proposed the overall objectives and tasks for the formulation, and emphasized to need to correctly deal with several important factors during the process of formulate "National processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs", unified the national standards of prepared slices, solved the real problems that the prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs industry faced.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; standards ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; standards

Objective:To investigate the effect of a breathing pattern intervention (RPI) on the oral feeding of pre-term infants with suck-swallow-breath (SSwB) coordination disorder.Methods:Sixty pre-term infants with SSwB coordination disorder were divided into an observation group ( n=30) and a control group ( n=30) using a random number table. Both groups were given routine feeding training, including oral exercise intervention, non-nutritive sucking training, and swallowing induction training during nursing, while the observation group was additionally provided with 15 minutes of breathing pattern training once a day, including breathing pattern observation, resistive breathing training prior to eating and passive breathing pattern intervention during eating. Before and after the 7-day intervention, the Pre-term Infant Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment (PIOFRA) was used to evaluate each subject′s oral feeding ability. Rate of transfer (RT), proficiency (PRO), minimum oxygen partial pressure (SaO 2) and SaO 2 fluctuations were also recorded during the feeding process. Results:After 1 week of the intervention, significant improvement was observed in both groups. In the observation group the average RT (2.76±0.36ml/min), PRO, minimum SaO 2, the number of SaO 2 fluctuations, and PIOFRA score (33.28±0.58) were all significantly better than the control group′s averages. Conclusion:Breathing pattern intervention based on routine feeding training can enhance breathing coordination during swallowing and ultimately improve the oral feeding of pre-term infants with SSwB coordination disorders in a relatively short period of time.

Background The mechanisms of silicon dioxide (SiO₂)-induced inflammation and cell injury in pulmonary macrophages are not fully characterized. Objective To investigate the potential roles of inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in inflammation and macrophage polarization in mouse Raw264.7 cells in response to SiO₂ stimulation. Methods Sixteen 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice, half male and half female, were intratracheally instilled with 50 µL of SiO₂ (50 mg·mL⁻¹ in saline) or normal saline via oropharyngeal route, and the lungs of mice were harvested at 14 d and 28 d post the first challenge of SiO₂. HE staining of mouse lung was used for histopathological analysis. The expressions of TLR4 signaling-related proteins were detected by Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescent (IF) assay, including TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with SiO₂ (100 μg·cm²) for 12 h in absence or presence of TLR4 inhibitor M62812 for 13 h before the culture supernatants and cell lysates were harvested for analysis. The expressions of key components of TLR4 signaling cascade including TLR4, Myd88, and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B P65 (P-NF-κB P65), P-1NF-kappa-B inhibitor α (P-1κbα), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), M1 phenotype markers inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), as well as M2 phenotype arginase-1 (Arg-1) were accessed by WB and IF. The expressions of inflammation factors IL-6 and TNF-α in supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After SiO₂ intratracheal instillation for 14 d, the HE staining results showed obvious fibrotic nodules in the lung tissues of mice. The results of WB analysis revealed more abundant TLR4, Myd88, and TRAF6 in the silicosis mouse lung samples than in the controls. The results of IF assay showed an increased abundance of TLR4 and Myd88 proteins in the lung samples of silicosis mice at 14 d post the silica challenge, compared to the controls, indicating TLR4 signaling activation. As seen in the in vitro experiment, significant upregulations after the exposure to 100 μg·cm² SiO₂ were observed in TLR4 and P-1κbα at 6, 12, and 24 h (P<0.05); Myd88 at 12 and 24 h (P <0.05); and P-NF-κB P65 at 12 h (P<0.05). The inhibitor significantly suppressed the expressions of TLR4, Myd88, TRAF6, P-NF-κB P65, TNF-α, and IL-6 in Raw264.7 cells. In addition, the SiO₂-induced M1 phenotype marker iNOS was significantly suppressed, but the M2 phenotype marker Arg-1 was increased in the Raw264.7 cells. Conclusion The inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling could result in a reduction of the inflammation response and the transition of M1 toward M2 phenotypes of macrophages in response to SiO₂ challenge.