B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune checkpoint discovered in the early 21st century. BTLA is a typeⅠtransmembrane protein that belongs to Ig super family. The ligand for BTLA is herpesvirus-entry mediator (HVEM), a TNF receptor family protein. BTLA regulates the homeostasis of γδ T cells and innate lymphocytes (ILCs), promotes the survival of effector T cells and helps them differentiate into memory T cells. BTLA also plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of dendritic cells (DCs). Studies have shown that BTLA knockout mice have increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Recent studies showed that BTLA also plays a crucial role in allergic diseases (such as allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis) and autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis). This article makes a systematic review about recent researches of BTLA in immune diseases.

Objective To assess the genetic toxicity and effects of cooking oil fume on oxidation-antioxidation level, immunity function of the workers occupationally exposed to cooking oil fume. Methods 108 subjects engaged in catering trade in Dongshan district of Guangzhou city were enrolled into this study by questionnaire investigation, serum MDA, SOD, activity of Lysozyme, micronucleus formation of periphery lymphocytes, blood lipids, blood routine indexes and vital capacity were determined. Results Compared with the control, serum MDA, micronucleus formation of periphery lymphocytes, CHOL, apoB LDL,WBC and mononuclear cells in the exposed group were significantly higher and a positive correlation was found between the levels of serum MDA, CHOL, apob, LDL, micronucleus formation of periphery lymphocyfes and length of service. Conclusion Cooking oil fume may injure oxidation-antioxidation system and have genetic toxity to human. The effect on lung function needs further study.

The Lazarus phenomenon is defined as delayed ROSC,or ROSC after failure of CPR and cessation of all the emergency medical care,including the cessation of chest compression,mechanical ventilation,and venous fluid resuscitation.It was first reported in 1982 and 53 cases of Lazarus phenomenon have been reported in the medical literature so far.Even though Lazarus phenomenon is rare and the pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood,several possible mechanisms are still proposed,which could be rational to explain this phenomenon,such as auto-PEEP,hyperkalemia,alkalosis,delayed action of drugs,etc.In most cases,it was reported that ROSC occurred within 10 minutes after cessation of medical effort.Therefore,before the announcement of death of patient,it is mandatory to monitor those patients for at least 10 minutes after the cessation of CPR.However,more explicit studies seem to be necessary to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon.

Objective To study kidney transplantation in the aged and its perioperative management. Methods Scrutinized screening of heart,lung and liver were carried out before renal transplantation for 29 patients,aged 65～84.Color Doppler B type ultrasonic inspection was used to determine the status of arteriae iliaca externa and arteriae iliaca interna.Tissue match included HLA and PRA measurement.Warm ischemia time of donor kidney was within 5 minutes and cold ischemia time 10 hours.The dose of MP was under 2.0 g during the period of operation and the immunosuppressive regimen was CsA or FK506+MMF+Pred.The general condition,blood electrolytes,whole blood CsA or FK506 concentration and immune index were monitored. Results There were 4 cases of AR,1 cases of FK506 toxicity and 1 case of lung infection.All these 6 patients were cured.1 kidney graft was removed because of thrombogenesis of renal artery.Up to now,the other 28 have been surviving with the graft functioning well for 1 to 5 years. Conclusions Abide to the indications of kidney transplantation,donor kidney of good quality and well tissue match were important in the elderly patients.With comprehensive monitoring and adequate management,kidney transplant in old patients can achieve sa tisfying outcome.Rational application of immunosuppressants and effective long term follow up are major factors for long term allograft survival.

Objective To investigate technique and effect of reconstruction with alcohol-inactivated autograft-prosthesis composite after en bloc resection of giant cell tumor of bone around the knee.Methods From January 2007 to October 2008,8 patients with Campanacci grade Ⅲ giant cell tumor of bone around the knee underwent en bloc resection of tumor and reconstruction with alcohol-inactivated autograft-prosthesis composite in our hospital.There were 5 males and 3 females,aged from 20 to 43 years (average,31years).The tumor located in distal femur in 5 cases and proximal tibia in 3 cases.There were 4 cases of primary tumor and 4 cases of recurrent tumor.Two patients combined with pathological fracture.The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score was used to evaluate limb function,and the International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLS) score was used for radiographic evaluation.Results All patients were followed up for 38 to 67 months (average,54 months).No recunrence,metastasis,prosthesis loosening were found.The mean healing time of autograft and host bone was 5.5 months.At final follow-up,the MSTS score ranged from 25 to 29 [average,26.3 (88％)]; the ISOLS score ranged from 28 to 35 [average,32.8 (88.5％)].Creeping substitution was possibly the main way of bone union.The healing time in femoral lesion was faster than that in tibial lesion.Conclusion For Campanacci grade Ⅲ giant cell tumor of bone around the knee,en bloc resection and reconstruction with alcohol-inactivated autograft-prosthesis composite is an effective method,which can provide satisfactory results.

Objective To study the relationship between common photoallergens and melasma.Methods Twenty allergens were selected according to the National Diagnostic Criteria for Photosensitive Dermatitis induced by cosmetics,National Diagnostic Criteria for Contact Dermatitis induced by cosmetics and National Diagnostic Criteria for Occupational Skin Diseases.Based on the standard procedures for photopatch test recommended by the British Photodermatology Group (BPG),photopatch test was performed on 50 patients with melasma and 30 normal controls.Results The positivity rate of photopatch test was 48.0%(24/50)in patients suffering from melasma,significantly higher than in the controls[23.33%(7/30),P<0.05].Conclusion Patients with melasma appear more likely to have positive photopatch test than normal controls.

Pregnancy ; Humans ; Female ; Cesarean Section/adverse effects* ; Abdominal Cavity ; Neoplasms

Objective: To investigate the awareness of hepatitis C prevention and control knowledge and its influencing factors among female sex workers (FSWs) in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province. Methods: According to the HIV/AIDS Sentinel Surveillance Plan, FSWs at ages of 15 to 65 years monitored by the national AIDS surveillance sentinel in Jiaxing City were recruited, and demographic information, awareness of hepatitis C prevention and control knowledge and related behaviors were collected by questionnaire surveys. Factors affecting the awareness of hepatitis C prevention and control knowledge were identified by a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 430 questionnaires were allocated, and 412 were valid, with an effective rate of 95.81%. The respondents had a mean age of (28.58±4.93) years, and included 258 unmarried FSWs (62.62%), 344 with registered residence outside Zhejiang Province (83.50%), 212 with junior high school education or below (51.46%) and 243 from high-end entertainment places (58.98%). The overall awareness of hepatitis C prevention and control knowledge among FSWs was 20.39%, and the awareness of "Transfusion of blood containing hepatitis C virus may acquire hepatitis C" (38.83%) and the awareness of "tattooing, eyebrow tattooing and ear piercing in streets or small shops may infect hepatitis C" (38.11%) were relatively low. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified marital status (divorced or widowed, OR=0.161, 95%CI: 0.054-0.482), educational level (high school or technical secondary school, OR=2.568, 95%CI: 1.446-4.560; junior college or above, OR=6.110, 95%CI: 2.658 -14.045) and grade of entertainment places (high-end entertainment places, OR=2.756, 95%CI: 1.525-4.982) as factors affecting the awareness of hepatitis C prevention and control knowledge among FSWs. Conclusion FSWs in Jiaxing City have a low awareness of hepatitis C prevention and control knowledge, especially lacking of knowledge about the transmission routes and prognosis of hepatitis C.

SIMCA(self independent modeling of class analogy) is a classical class modeling method for chemical) pattern recognition. Although widely used, SIMCA suffers difficulties in selecting a proper number of principal components and determining the decision region. A new class modeling technique based on partial least squares regression, partial least squares class model(PLSCM) is proposed, where the number of latent variables) and decision region can be readily estimated by the routine methods in multivariate calibration, e.g. Monte Carlo cross validation. PLSCM is successfully applied to identify trueborn bezoar samples from artificial and adulterated bezoar samples based on infrared spectra measured in the range of 4000-9000 cm~(-1). It is demonstrated that PLSCM outperforms SIMCA in terms of both maneuverability and identification accuracy. For the raw spectra, both the training and prediction accuracy of PLSCM are 100%. For the standard normal variate-processed data, the training and prediction accuracy of PLSCM is 99% and 100%, respectively.

BACKGROUND:Swan-like memory connector (SMC) can form a three-dimensional fixation on long bone shaft,ensure the stability of fracture ends,and produce a continuous dynamic compressive stress on the fracture ends.Insulin-like growth factorⅠ (IGF-Ⅰ) regulates bone development and metabolism,cell differentiation,as well as mitosis.During the union process of fracture,IGF-I is effective to promote cellular proliferation,stimulate bone formation and result in chondrogenesis.OBJECTIVE:To quantitatively determine the effect of SMC and conventional dynamic compression plate (DCP) on the concentration of local IGF-Ⅰ in the union duration of rabbit humerus fracture.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A controlled observational animal study was performed in the laboratory,Department of Orthopaedics,Changhai Hospital,the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from January to May in 2007.MATERIALS:SMC was Ni-Ti alloy panel,comprising 50%-53% Ni,was customized by Lanzhou Seemine Shape Memory Alloy Co.,Ltd.The temperature of shape recovery was (33±2) ℃.METHODS:Thirty adult New Zealand rabbits were used in this study and were processed into osteotomy.The experiment sides of rabbit humerus were cut and fixed with SMC at random,serving as SMC group,and the other sides were cut at the same position and fixed with DCP,serving as DCP group.Each five animals were put to death at the time points of 2,3,4,6,8,and 12 weeks after internal fixation.Specimens were obtained from the areas that were 0.5 cm besides the fracture line.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Following internal fixation,the contents of local IGF-Ⅰ in the specimens of different time points (2,3,4,6,8,and 12 weeks) were determined in both SMC group and DCP group.RESULTS:In the SMC-treated group,the contents of IGF-I increased 2 weeks after internal fixation,reached the maximum at 6 weeks,and then decreased at 8-12 weeks.In the DCP-treated group,the contents of IGF-Ⅰincreased 2 weeks after internal fixation,reached the maximum at 8 weeks,and then decreased at 12 weeks.No significant differences were found between the SMC group and the DCP group at 2,8,12 weeks after internal fixation (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the DCP group,the SMC group had a remarkably higher content of IGF-Ⅰ at the time points of 3,4 and 6 weeks (P ＜ 0.05).The difference was the most statistically significant at 4 weeks.CONCLUSION:Compared with conventional DCP,the SMC could better promote the secretion of IGF-Ⅰin fracture and facilitate the fracture union due to the continuous dynamic compressive stress and three-dimensional fixation.