This study aims to investigate the preparation process and in vitro release behavior of artesunate polylactic acid microspheres, in order to prepare an artesunate polylactic acid (PLA) administration method suitable for hepatic arterial embolization. With PLA as the material and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the emulsifier, O/W emulsion/solvent evaporation method was adopted to prepare artesunate polylactic acid microspheres, and optimize the preparation process. With drug loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency and particle size as indexes, a single factor analysis was made on PLA concentration, PVA concentration, drug loading ratio and stirring velocity. Through an orthogonal experiment, the optimal processing conditions were determined as follows: PLA concentration was 9. 0% , PVA concentration was 0. 9% , drug loading ratio was 1:2 and stirring velocity was 1 000 r x min(-1). According to the verification of the optimal process, microsphere size, drug loading and entrapment rate of artesunate polylactic acid microspheres were (101.7 +/- 0.37) microm, (30.8 +/- 0.84)%, (53.6 +/- 0.62)%, respectively. The results showed that the optimal process was so reasonable and stable that it could lay foundation for further studies.
Artemisinins ; chemistry ; Calibration ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Polyesters ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Polyvinyl Alcohol ; chemistry

Objective Evaluate data of 1270 cases with free flap transplant,to find the problems in the process of operation,and then to analyse its causes and how to prevent and solve it,as well as providing reference for clinical colleagues. Methods To study 1270 cases of free flaps,musculocutaneous flap and perforator flap who was treated in our hospital from October 2000 to October 2010 retrospectively. A total of 722 cases of the group were followed-up 6 months to 5 years. To detective and search the problems and imperfection from designing,harvesting,tranfer,to the management and function of donor site after free flap transplantion.And also to analysis the couse of problems and operation failure,discuss the conclude of and to provide advisable measure. Results Total 1270 free flaps were transplanted successfully except 64 can-celled or failured for some reason, the success rate was 95.0％, the postopertive necrosis rate was 3.8％.Seventy-six cases were encountered vascular complications venous crisis in 42,arterial crisis in 38.Fifty-five cases were saved successfully without surgery,and 15 cases survived completely by vessel explorative operation. Five cases were partial necrosis and 7 cases necrosis. The rate of postoperative infection of emergency cases and chronic one were 4.7％ (682 cases)and 8.8％(588 cases) which show the infective incidence of latter was higher than former. In addition, there were many other problems were found such as distal flaps necrosis,contracture,deformation,impairment function of doner site,etc. Conclusion Preventing and management timely to vessle crisis is the key to flap suvive. The principle of dissecting flap should be followed strictly,and control the indications of modified processing during flap harvest,keep the proper flap tension were technical requirements in flap transplantion. Right way of donor site closed and management of insufficient timely were equally important to prevent and solve to complications and dysfunction.

Adult ; Epilepsy ; chemically induced ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Nitrobenzenes ; poisoning ; Occupational Exposure ; Poisoning ; complications ; therapy

Objective To investigate the correlation between large platelet ratio (P-LCR) and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods 152 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation were selected and divided into two groups according to whether accompanying stoke or not. Clinical features of patients and blood test indicator P-LCR were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. Results In total, 152 subjects, including 47 patients with stoke and 105 patients without stoke,were included in the study. Univariate analysis showed that the difference in age, diabetes, hypertension, lipid-lowering therapy and P-LCR between two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, diabetes and P-LCR were independent risk factors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Conclusions Age, diabetes and P-LCR are independent risk factors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Objective To evaluate left ventricular systolic function by real-time three-dimension speckle tracking imaging (RT3D-STI) in coronary artery diseases (CHD) patients,to determine the clinical value of RT3D-STI in CHD.Methods 34 control subjects and 55 patients with CHD by coronary angiography were involved.Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS),left ventricular global circumferential strain (GCS),left ventricular global radial strain (GRS),left ventricular global area strain (GAS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),etc,was acquired by RT3D-STI,respectively.The parameters by RT3D-STI to diagnose CHD were analyzed.Results Compared with control group,GLS,GCS,GRS and GAS were significantly decreased in CHD group (P ＜ 0.05).The area under receiver operating characteristics (AUC) curve of GLS to diagnose CHD was 91.6％.The cutoff value,the sensitivity and Youden index of GLS were-12.5,90.3 ％ and 0.612,respectiuely.The cutoff value,the sensitivity and Youden index of GAS were-23.0,95.8％ and 0.539,respectiuely.GLS,GAS correlated well with LVEF in CHD group (r =-0.860,r =-0.926).Conclusions GLS is the most sensitivity and GAS is the most specificity in the all of strain parameters.RT3D-STI can early show the changes of left ventricular global systolic function in patients with CHD.

Six flavonol glycosides were isolated and calibrated from Ginkgo biloba extract, and then used to calibrate the content in 2 baiches of G. biloba reference extract, so was rutin. RSD values of rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-2-glu- coside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnop-yranosyl-2-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-2-O-(6-O-p-coum-aroyl) - glucoside were around 1.1%-4.6%, nevertheless, RSD values of quercetin-3-O-glucoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside were more than 5%. According to the results, the reference extract of G. biloba can be used as the substitute to determine rutin, kaempferol-3-O- rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-2-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-2-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-0-rhamnopyranosyl-2-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside instead of corresponding reference substances. So reference extract in place of single component reference in assay is feasible.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavonols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

The objective of this paper is to develop a fast analysis method to determine fingerprints of Radix Glycyrrhizae from different areas of China for identification and quality control. The experiments were carried out under following conditions: Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 (4.6 mm x 50 mm, 1.8 microm) column, acetonitrile and 0. 05% phosphoric acid solution as the mobile phases with gradient elution, flow rate 1.0 mL x min(-1), analysis time 11 min. The run time of the method was obviously decreased from 36 minutes to 11 minutes compared with routine HPLC method. The cluster analyses of the fingerprints of the 70 samples were performed by SPSS. The results showed that all samples were classified into 2 groups, 59 Glycyrrhiza uralensis as well as 11 G. inflata. Three compounds, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin and glycyrrhiza acid should be considered as effective references for quality control of Radix Glycyrrhizae. This method can be used widely for identification and quality control of Radix Glycyrrhizae.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flavanones ; analysis ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; analysis ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether overweight and obesity might cause oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in overweight and obese children, and to explore its possible mechanism.

METHODSEighty-five overweight and obese children (OOC), and eighty-five age-matched healthy children (HC) were recruited in this case-control study. The present study analyzed spectrophotometrically vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and 3-carotene (P-CAR) in plasma, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in erythrocytes.

RESULTSCompared with those of VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, CAT and MDA in the HC group, the average values of VC, VE, 3-CAR, SOD, and CAT in the OOC group were significantly decreased (P<0.001), while the average value of MDA in the OOC group was significantly increased (P<0.001). The regression analysis demonstrated that VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, and CAT were negatively correlated (P<0.05-0.01), and MDA was positively correlated with BMI (P<0.05). Fitting to the model of multiple stepwise regression of BMI on VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, CAT, and MDA in 85 OOC was Y= 27.0041 + 0.2541MDA - 2.1448beta-CAR - 0.0090CAT, where F= 43.8088, P<0.001, r = 0.7866, r(2)= 0.6187, adjusted r(2)= 0.6046. The findings from the reliability analysis for VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, CAT, and MDA used to reflect increased oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the OOC showed that the reliability coefficients (alpha, 6 items) = 0.7231, P<0.0001, and that the standardized item alpha = 0.9207, P<0.0001.

CONCLUSIONThe present study suggests that there exists an increased oxidative stress in overweight and obese children.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo compare the effect of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and conventional mandatory ventilation (CMV) on the myocardial function of rabbits with inhalation injury.

METHODSSteam inhalation injury model was reproduced in 16 New Zealand albino rabbits. They were randomly divided into CMV group (n = 8) and HFOV group (n = 8) by drawing lots, and they received ventilation in metered volume and HFOV treatment respectively. Heart blood was drawn from rabbits before they were sacrificed 4 hours after treatment to determine the plasma activity of lactate dehydrogenase 1 (LDH1) and creatine phosphorylated kinase (CPK-MB). Myocardial tissue from left ventricle was harvested and homogenized to determine the concentration of TNF-α and IL-8, the activity of caspase-1, and the activity of myosin-light-chain kinase (MLCK) and the ATPase of myosin light chain (MLC-ATPase) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, spectrophotometry, and the nuclide liquid scintillation technique respectively. Part of the myocardial tissue sample was examined pathologically. Data were processed with analysis of variance.

RESULTS(1) The activities of LDH1 and CPK-MB in plasma were obviously higher in CMV group than in HFOV group [(643 ± 108), (342 ± 48) U vs. (233 ± 92), (186 ± 36) U, with F value respectively 10.326 and 9.846, P values all below 0.01]. (2) The contents of TNF-α, IL-8 and the activity of caspase-1 in myocardial tissue homogenate were obviously higher in CMV group than in HFOV group [(181 ± 35), (89 ± 19) pg/g, and (0.56 ± 0.27) g/g protein vs. (94 ± 21), (43 ± 11) pg/g, and (0.24 ± 0.12) g/g protein, with F value respectively 8.239, 7.826, 5.716, P values all below 0.01]. (3) The activities of MLC-ATPase and MLCK were lower in CMV group than in HFOV group [(0.24 ± 0.12) µmol×mg(-1)×min(-1), (3.3 ± 1.1) mmol×mg(-1)×min(-1) vs. (0.48 ± 0.16) µmol×mg(-1)×min(-1), (7.7 ± 1.7) mmol×mg(-1)×min(-1), with F value respectively 4.125, 4.766, P values all below 0.01]. (4) No obvious necrosis, degeneration or inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in myocardial tissue of rabbits in 2 groups under light microscope; but the myocardial fiber was slightly swollen, and it was less marked in the HFOV group.

CONCLUSIONSThe influence of HFOV on myocardial myosin phosphorylation system of rabbits with inhalation injury is less than that of CMV.

Animals ; Burns, Inhalation ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; therapy ; High-Frequency Ventilation ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Respiration, Artificial

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and its combination with administration of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on inflammatory response of lung tissue in rabbits with inhalation injury.

METHODSSevere steam inhalation injury models were reproduced in 24 New Zealand albino rabbits. They were divided into control group (n = 8), HFOV group (n = 8), and HFOV + PS group (n = 8) according to the random number table, and they received ventilation in metered volume, HFOV, and HFOV + PS treatment respectively. Lung tissue samples of rabbits were collected at 3.5 h after treatment for pathological inspection and pulmonary injury score, assay of the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease 1 (caspase-1), and the determination of the contents of TNF-alpha, IL-18, IL-10, IL-13 and their mRNA expression.

RESULTSPathological change in different degree of rabbit lung tissue in each group were observed, and they were most obvious in the control group, and least in the HFOV + PS group. The lung tissue injury scores of control group, HFOV group, and HFOV + PS group was 3.71 +/- 0.43, 2.87 +/- 0.26, and 2.08 +/- 0.28 respectively. The difference between either two of them were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The MPO content and caspase-1 activity of rabbits in HFOV and HFOV + PS groups were obviously lower than those in control group (P < 0.01), and MPO content and caspase-1 activity of rabbits in HFOV + PS group were obviously lower than those in HFOV group (P < 0.05). In HFOV group and HFOV + PS group, the contents of TNF-alpha, IL-18 and their mRNA expression in lung tissue homogenates were obviously lower than those in control group (P < 0.01); while the contents of IL-10, IL-13 and their mRNA expression were obviously higher than those in control group (P < 0.01). Changes in these contents and expression in HFOV + PS group were more obvious than those in HFOV group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHFOV can alleviate inflammatory response in rabbit lung tissue and pulmonary injury induced by inhalation injury, and the effect is more obvious when combined with PS.

Animals ; Burns, Inhalation ; complications ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; High-Frequency Ventilation ; Inflammation ; Lung Injury ; etiology ; therapy ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; therapeutic use ; Rabbits