Recently,the progress in employing transplanting stem cells to cure injured retina is very fast and has been continuously yielding exciting results.Various sources are used in the studies,including retina-derived cells such as M?ller cells and ciliary body cells,and non-retina-derived cells such as embryonic stem cells and brain-derived stem cells.This review briefly discusses the recent progress of these studies.

A total of 55 children aged under 14 years with cholecystolithiasis were treated at our hospital between January 2005 to December 2011.Their clinical data were collected and analyzed.The etiologies included pseudolithiasis (n =36),chronic hemolytic disease (n =2),obesity (n =9) and unknown (n =8).Among 50 cases on conservative treatment,42 cases were cured.Four cases underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.During a follow-up period of 2-4 years,there was no occurrence of significant complications.The removal of gallbladder stone was performed via laparoscopy plus choledochoscope in 1 case.There was no recurrence during a follow-up period of 2 years.Ceftriaxone sodium and obesity were the major cause of pediatric cholecystolithiasis.A proper selection of treatment regimens should be based upon the considerations of etiologies and symptoms.

Objective To build finite-element models of cerebral hemorrhage on which a simulation study of electrical impedance tomography(EIT) is based.Method With a kind of four-layer concentric circle model of head,finite-element method and dynamic NOSER algorithm are performed to reconstruct the images.Result As to the single-focus model of the cerebral hemorrhage,the focus can be clearly imaged,while to the several-focus model,the focuses can be imaged with vaguely adjacent boundaries.Conclusion The dynamic NOSER algorithm is an effective method to image cerebral hemorrhage in EIT.

Humans ; Oral Medicine ; trends ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tissue Engineering

Objective To-identify the factors associated with radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) and to describe the probability of RILD using the Lyman normal tissue complication(NTCP) model for primary liver carcinoma(PLC) treated with hypofractionated conformal therapy (CRT).Methods A total of 109 PLC patients treated with hypofractionated CRT were prospectively followed according to the Child-Pugh classification for liver cirrhosis,93 patients in class A and 16 in class B.The mean dose of radi- ation to the isocenter was (53.5?5.5) Gy,fractions of (4.8?0.5) Gy,with interfraction interval of 48 hours and irradiation 3 times per week.Maximal likelihood analysis yielded the best estimates of parameters of the Lyman NTCP model for all patients;Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B patients,respectively.Results Of all the patients,17 developed RILD (17/109),8 in Child-Pugh A(8/93 ) and 9 in Child-Pugh B(9/ 16).By multivariate analysis,only the Child-Pugh Grade of liver cirrhosis was the independent factor (P= 0.000) associated with the developing of RILD.The best estimates of the NTCP parameters for all 109 pa- tients were n=1.1,m=0.35 and TD_(50) (1)=38.5 Gy.The n,m,TD_(50) (1) estimated from patients with Child-Pugh A was 1.1,0.28,40.5 Gy,respectively,compared with 0.7,0.43,23 Gy respectively,for patients with Child-Pugh B.Conclusions Primary liver cancer patients who possess Child-Pugh B cirrho- sis would present a significantly greater susceptibility to RILD after hypofractionated CRT than patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis.The predominant risk factor for developing RILD is the severity of hepatic cirrhosis in the liver of PLC patients.

Chemotherapy remains one of the major tools, along with surgery, radiotherapy, and more recently targeted therapy, in the war against cancer. There have appeared a plethora of highly potent cytotoxic drugs but the poor discriminability between cancerous and healthy cells of these agents limits their broader application in clinical settings. Therapeutic antibodies have emerged as an important class of biological anticancer agents, thanks to their ability in specific binding to tumor-associated antigens. While this important class of biologics can be used as single agents for the treatment of cancer through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), their therapeutical efficacy is often limited. Antitumor antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the target-specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the highly active cell-killing drugs, taking advantages of the best characteristics out of both components. Thus, insufficiency of most naked mAbs in cancer therapy has been circumvented by arming the immunoglobulin with cytotoxic drugs. Here mAbs are used as vehicles to transport potent payloads to tumor cells. ADCs contain three main components: antibody, linker and cytotoxics (also frequently referred as payload). Antibodies can recognize and specifically bind to the tumor-specific antigens, leading to an antibody-assisted internalization, and payload release. While ADC has demonstrated tremendous success, a number of practical challenges limit the broader applications of this new class of anticancer therapy, including inefficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and off-target effects. This review article aims to cover recent advances in optimizing linkers with increased stability in circulation while allowing efficient payload release within tumor cells. We also attempt to provide some practical strategies in resolving the current challenges in this attractive research area, particularly to those new to the field.
Aminobenzoates ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cytotoxins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Immunoconjugates ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Maytansine ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Oligopeptides ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy between 'warming-unblocking needling technique' and reinforcing method by twirling in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA) due to deficiency of liver and kidney. Methods: A total of 72 patients with KOA were divided into a warming-unblocking group and a reinforcing group by complete randomized method, with 36 cases in each group. Xuehai (SP 10), Heding (EX-LE 2), Liangqiu (ST 34), Neixiyan (EX-LE 4), Xizhong (Extra), Dubi (ST 35), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Zusanli (ST 36) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) were the main points in both groups. Taichong (LR 3), Taixi (KI 3) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) were the combined points. 'Warming-unblocking needling technique' was applied in the warming-unblocking group, and reinforcing method by twirling was applied in the reinforcing group. The treatments were performed once a day, 10 times as a treatment course, at a 2-day interval between two courses, for 3 courses in total. The scores of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) in the two groups were observed before and after the treatment, and the clinical efficacy was compared. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate was 94.3％ in the warming-unblocking group and 87.9％ in the reinforcing group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The component scores of pain, stiffness and daily activities in WOMAC and total WOMAC scores in both groups decreased after treatment (all P<0.01). The component and total WOMAC scores in the warming-unblocking group were lower than those in the reinforcing group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion:'Warming-unblocking needling technique' has significant efficacy than reinforcing method by twirling in treating KOA due to deficiency of liver and kidney. It can significantly improve pain, stiffness and daily functional activities of patients.

Objective To investigate the association between the difference of specific cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) and liver function of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B and C infections and interleukin (IL)‐7 induced follicular helper T lymphocytes (Tfh) .Methods Sixty‐seven patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) hospitalized at Wuxi No .5 People′s Hospital from August 2013 to January 2015 were collected and 30 healthy blood donors were set as healthy control group .The peripheral blood IL‐7 , Tfh ,IL‐21 ,HBV specific‐CTL ,nonspecific CTL ,levels of HBV DNA ,alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TBil) were compared between patients with genotype B and C infection ,hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive and HBeAg‐negative CHB ,high ALT level and low ALT level .Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with IL‐7 .The t test was used for quantitative data and chi‐square test was used for categorical data .Results Of the 67 CHB patients with average age of (35 .1 ± 11 .4) ,48 were male and 19 were female;32 were infected with genotype C and 35 were infected with genotype B ;40 were HBeAg‐positive CHB and 27 were HBeAg‐negative CHB ;17 were with high ALT levels and 50 were with low ALT levels .IL‐7 ,Tfh ,IL‐21 and HBV specific‐CTL levels in the peripheral blood of genotype C‐infected patients were (20 .79 ± 4 .82 ) ng/L , (3 .93 ± 0 .82)% ,(24 .77 ± 7 .52) ng/L and (0 .20 ± 0 .04)% ,respectively ,while in genotype B‐infected patients , those were (29 .13 ± 8 .17) ng/L ,(5 .92 ± 1 .92)% ,(39 .94 ± 24 .00) ng/L and (0 .40 ± 0 .06)% , respectively .Levels of IL‐7 , Tfh ,IL‐21 and HBV specific‐CTL in genotype C‐infected patients were significantly lower than those in genotype B‐infected patients (t= 5 .027 ,5 .595 ,3 .553 and 15 .133 , respectively ;all P<0 .01) .Nonspecific CTL ,HBV DNA ,ALT and TBil levels in the peripheral blood of genotype C‐infected patients were all significantly higher than those in genotype B infected‐patients (t=4 .899 ,6 .815 ,2 .763 and 4 .899 ,respectively ;all P< 0 .01) .IL‐7 ,Tfh ,IL‐21 ,HBV specific‐CTL levels in the peripheral blood of HBeAg‐positive patients were significantly lower than those in HBeAg‐negative patients (all P<0 .01) .Nonspecific CTL ,HBV DNA ,ALT and TBil levels in the peripheral blood of HBeAg‐positive patients were all significantly higher than those in HBeAg‐negative patients (all P<0 .05) .IL‐7 ,Tfh ,IL‐21 ,HBV specific‐CTL levels in the peripheral blood of patients with high ALT levels were all significantly lower than those in patients with low ALT levels (all P<0 .01) .Nonspecific CTL and HBV DNA levels in the peripheral blood of patients with high ALT levels were both significantly higher than those in patients with low ALT levels (both P<0 .01) .HBV DNA ,IL‐21 and nonspecific CTL were all correlated with IL‐7 (all P<0 .01) .Conclusion The differences of HBV specific‐CTL and liver function in CHB patients infected with genotype B and C may be correlated with interleukin‐7 induced Tfhcells.

Objective To observe the effect of early occupational therapy intervention on unilateral spatial neglect caused by stroke.Methods A total of 92 patients with unilateral spatial neglect caused by stroke were ran- domly divided into a treatment group(46 cases)and a control group(46 cases).The cases of the control group were treated by routine clinical treatment plus positioning on the bed,passive joint motion,bridging movement,facilitation techniques,balance training in sitting and standing positions,gait training immediately after the patients' conditions got stable.The patients in the treatment group were treated with activities of daily living(ADL)training in addition to the interventions employed in the control group.Results Effect of the treatment group are superior to that of the control group as reflected by the scores with Fug1-Meyer scale and Barthel Index(P

Objective To explore any changes in the surface electromyography (sEMG) signals measured on the spastic upper limb muscles of stroke parents during maximum isometric voluntary contraction and to analyze any abnormal synergy patterns quantitatively in order to design better rehabilitation programs for developing coordination.Methods Ten stroke survivors with hemiparesis were selected into a patient group and ten healthy counterparts were recruited into a control group.sEMG signals were recorded bilaterally from the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU),biceps brachii (BB),triceps brachii (TB) and deltoid (D) during maximum isometric voluntary contractions involving wrist flexion and extension,elbow flexion and extension,and shoulder abduction.The two groups' co-contraction ratios (CR) and co-activation ratios were calculated and compared.Results During elbow flexion and extension the average CR of the BB on the affected side was significantly higher than that on the unaffected side and also significantly higher than the control group average.The average CR of the TB on the affected side was significantly higher than that of the healthy controls.In all cases the average CR of the BB was larger than that of the TB.The difference in CR between the TB and the BB on the affected side was significantly larger than on the unaffected side and the control group average.During elbow flexion,the co-activation ratio of the FCU,TB and D on the affected side was significantly higher than on the unaffected side and among the healthy controls,and the co-activation ratio of the FCU on the affected side was significantly higher than that of the D and TB.During elbow extension,the co-activation ratio of the FCU,BB and D on the affected side was significantly higher in the same way,and the co-activation ratio of the FCU on the affected side was again significantly higher than that of the D and BB.During wrist flexion,the average co-activation ratio of the BB and D on the affected side was significantly greater than that on the unaffected side and among the healthy controls,and the co-activation ratio of the BB on the affected side was significantly higher than that of the D and TB.During shoulder abduction,the co-activation ratio of the BB on the affected side was significantly larger than on the unaffected side and among the healthy controls.Conclusion After a stroke the upper limbs often show flexor spasticity and abnormal synergy patterns.Rehabilitation strategy should be adopted to tackle these so as to enhance overall limb coordination.