Objective To investigate the relationship between apoptosis of bone marrow cells and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?),Fas/FasL expression in children with aplastic anemia.Methods The concentration of TNF-? in supernatant of cultured bone marrow mononuclear cell(BMMC) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The expression of Fas/FasL,apoptosis ratio of bone marrow CD34+ cell were evaluated by flow cytometry.Results The concentration of TNF-? in supernatant of cultured BMMC in AA group[SAA (27.9?8.20) ng/L;CAA (23.6?6.78) ng/L] increased significantly compared with control group(t=3.432 P0.05).Apoptosis ratio of CD34+ cell in SAA group[(24.6?9.56)%] and CAA group[(20.9?7.32)%] significantly increased compared with control group(t=3.492,3.458 Pa0.05).The concentration of TNF-? was positively correlated with the expression of CD34+ Fas+ in all types AA children(r=0.542 P0.05).Conclusions TNF-? and Fas/FasL system can be involved in inducing CD34+ cell apoptosis.This may contribute to understanding the decreased number of stem cells and bone marrow failure.

Objective: To investigate the status of electronic cigarette use among adolescents in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and to provide evidence for tobacco control in adolescents. Methods: Based on the 2019 National Youth Tobacco Epidemic Monitoring Program, multistage proportional sampling method was used to select middle school students from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. A questionnaire revised by Chinese CDC was used to collect the general information, the cognition and use of electronic cigarettes, and the access to advertising of electronic cigarettes and related products. Results: Totally 9 019 questionnaires were distributed, 8 401 valid ones were recovered, and the response rate was 93.2%. The rates of electronic cigarette use and attempt among students were 4.3% and 13.4%. The rates of electronic cigarette use and attempt in male students were 7.7% and 22.9%, which were higher than that in female students (0.8% and 3.8%, P<0.05) . The rates of electronic cigarette use and attempt varied in different schools ( P<0.05 ), which were higher in vocational high school students ( 11.5% and 26.8% ). Among 246 students who used electronic cigarettes, 30.1% did not thought electronic cigarettes contained nicotine, while 60.2% did not know whether electronic cigarettes contain nicotine. In the past 30 days, 27.0% of the students had seen the advertisements of electronic cigarettes and related products, mainly through TV, store, supermarket, convenience store, grocery store, electronic cigarette experience store or retail store. Conclusions The rates of electronic cigarette use and attempt among adolescents in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region are 4.3% and 13.4%. Boys and vocational high school students have higher rates. Students generally know electronic cigarette and have more access to it.

Objective To study the relationship between the choice of operation and the efficacy on hepa- tolithiasis.Methods From Januray of 1995 to December of 2006,89 patients with hepatolithiasis underwent surgical treatment were retrospectively analyzed.Of them 33 cases underwent hepaticoplasty,hepatolobectomy in 7 cases, cholangiojejunostomy in 22 cases,choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage in 27 cases.Results Out of the 89 cas- es,follow-up was completed in 81 cases for 6 months to 12 years.The postoperative stone residual rate of the group which underwent hepaticoplasty was 15.15 %(5/33)and cholannitis recurrence rate was 12.50 %(4/32),hepa- tolobecromy was 14.29%(1/7)and 16.67%(1/6),cholangiojejunostomy was 18.18%(4/22)and 30%(6/20), choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage was 33.33 %(9/27)and 29.17 %(7/24).Conclusion Hepaticoplasty and hepatolobecromy were superior to cholangiojejunostomy and choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage for treat- ment of hepatolithiasis.

OBJECTIVETo study pharmacokinetic effect of Aikeqing Granule (AG) by different medication ways on zidovudine (AZT) in highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART) of rats.

METHODSTotally 36 rats were administered with corresponding medications by gastrogavage, group I [HAART: AZT 31.5 mg/kg +3TC 31.5 mg/kg + Efavirenz (EFV) 63.0 mg/kg], group II (HAART+AG525 mg/kg), group III (HAART and AG 525 mg/kg after a 2-h interval). Drug concentrations of AZT were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) before HAART, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 h after HAART, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters [such as t1/2, Tmax, Cmax, AUCo-t, plasma clearance rate (CL)] were calculated by DAS2.0 Software.

RESULTSThe-equation of linear regression of AZT was good, with the precision, coefficient of recovery, and stability definitely confirmed. AUC in group II and III was larger than that of group I. There was no statistical difference in t1/2, Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-12 h, or AUC0-∞ among groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAG combined HAART could enhance the Cmax of AZT.

Animals ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Benzoxazines ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Mass Spectrometry ; Rats ; Zidovudine ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology

BACKGROUNDRecent studies have indicated that chronic stress may give rise to brain damage, which is related to the genesis of depression. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and venlafaxine on depression.

METHODSRats were treated with chronic and comprehensive stress to create a depression model. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampal CA3 neurons of rats treated with different drugs. Behavioral changes of these rats were also examined.

RESULTSThe expression of BDNF in the hippocampal CA3 neurons of the depression model decreased with a reduction in exploring behavior and a significant increase in fecal production. The expression of neuron nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) protein also increased in the rats compared to normal controls. The rats treated with EGb and venlafaxine showed an increase in expression of BDNF and exploring behavior compared to untreated rats, but a decrease in nNOS and fecal production.

CONCLUSIONSRats sustain damage to the brain after being subjected to chronic and comprehensive stress. Our research has indicated that combined EGb with venlafaxine enhances the protection of neurons and decreases damage to the brain, while relieving the side effects of synthetic antidepressants.

Animals ; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation ; administration & dosage ; Brain Injuries ; complications ; metabolism ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; biosynthesis ; Cyclohexanols ; administration & dosage ; Depression ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

Objective To summarize the clinical experiences of liver transplantation.Methods Of the nine patients, four operation was standard orthotopic liver transplantation,the latter five were the piggyback liver transplantation.The immunosuppressive protocols included methylprednisolone FK506 and mycophenolatemofeti. Meanwhile intravenous antihepatitis B immunoglobulin and Lamivudine were used to prevent hepatitis B recurrence.Results All patients were cured.Conclusion Liver transplantation can be employed for liver disease both cirrhosis and carcinoma as a conventional surgery.It is an effective way for the treatment of no metastatic liver carcinoma.The immunosuppressive protocols included methylprednisolone FK506 and mycophenolatemofeti,it can prevent immune rejection.

Objective:To evaluate the functional outcome and the complication rate after open reduction and internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with a "time-angle measurement" reduction evaluation technique,to assess the acceptance of the fracture reduction and to estimate the result of the surgery.Methods:Forty-six patients [mean age:(66.2 ± 14.9) years] with an acute proximal humeral fracture were managed with open reduction and internal fixation with this reduction evaluation technique from January 2012 to December 2013.According to the Neer classification,there were 6 two-part fractures,25 three-part fractures and 15 four-part fractures.The functional outcome was evaluated for each patient using the Constant-Murley score;radiographic evaluation was also conducted and complications were recorded.The postoperative shoulder function recovery and imaging findings were followed up to evaluate the guiding significance of this reduction evaluation technique in the clinical treatment of this kind of fracture.Results:In the study,46 patients had been followed up for 13-36 months,and the average follow-up time was (23.5 ± 7.3) months.All the patients achieved fracture healing 3 months after operation.The average head-shaft angle was (124 ± 3.5) degrees.According to the Constant scoring system,29 patients (63％) had excellent,14 patients (30％) had good,and 3 patients (7％) had poor results.The most common complications were pain (7/65) and restricted movement of the shoulder (5/ 46).There were no cases of screw penetration,necrosis of humeral head,deep tissue infection,nonunion of fracture and axillary nerve injury after operation.Conclusion:For appropriate cases of displaced proxinal humeral fractures,surgical treatment with application of "time-angle measurement" reduction evaluation technique that was introduced in the present study can lead to a good functional outcome,and the technique of reduction assessment should be regarded as a reasonable reference standard in the treatment of displaced proximal humerus fracture.

The atom absorption spectrometer is introduced to determine the cation concentrations such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in the dialysis fluid. They are accurately determined by proper preparation and correct dilution ratio under the optimized measuring conditions. Compared with the current arbitrate methods (EDTA titration determination of calcium and magnesium), it supplements the methods of international and industrial standards for determination of cations.
Calcium ; analysis ; Cations ; analysis ; Dialysis Solutions ; analysis ; chemistry ; Magnesium ; analysis ; Potassium ; analysis ; Sodium ; analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Swertia mileensis.

METHODThe air-dried whole plants of S. mileensis were extracted with 50% EtOH. The EtOH extract was suspended in H20 and extracted with petroleum ether, CHCl3 and n-BuOH successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the CHCl3 fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, H-NMR, 13C-NMR).

RESULTTwelve compounds were isolated from S. mileensis, and were elucidated as 1,5, 8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (1), 1-hydroxyl-2, 3, 5, 7-tetramethoxyxanthone (2), 1-hydroxyl-3, 5, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxyl-2, 3, 4, 6-tetramethoxyxanthone (4), 1-hydroxyl-2, 3, 4, 7-tetramethoxyxanthone (5), 1,8-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyxanthone (6), 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxyxanthone (7), 1, 3, 5, 8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (8), balanophonin (9), oleanolic acid (10), maslinic acid (11), sumaresinolic acid (12).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1, 3, 7-9, 11 and 12 were obtained from S. mileensis for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Swertia ; chemistry