OBJECTIVE To enhance the rational usage of antibiotics by comprehensive interventional measures in clinics.METHODS Several interventional measures have been adopted in our hospital since January 2001: to(establish) expert team on antibiotics usage and administration consultation;constitute antibiotics use criteria(suitable) for each clinical specialty;train and examine the usage of antibiotics;censor the distribution of pathogen and drug-resistance variance.Then 10% of the discharged medical records in 2000,2002 and 2004 were drawn out respectively to analyze the usage of antibiotics and the isolation of pathogen from nosocomial infection cases.(RESULTS) The proportion of the patients with prophylactic and remedial indications was increased remarkably((P

To understand Lophatherum gracile plant community's structural characteristics, a survey of community structure and species diversity was conducted through quadrat sampling in Yongchuan district of Chongqing. The results showed that there were 386 species vascular plants, belonging to 117 families and 229 genera. Based on habitat, community structure and species composition, L. gracile were found in three community types: Pinus massoniana community, banboo community, shurb community. Vertical structure was composed of three layers, including tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Species in shrub layer was the richness. P. massoniana is the only dominant species of the community, it can not regenerate naturally, the shrub layer has a greater effect on the community of L. gracile in the future. In addition, the banboo community and shurb community is not stable because of human's activity. Therefore, the community characters of L. gracile should be taken care of conservation when the resources are utilized.
China ; Ecosystem ; Pinus ; physiology ; Plants ; Poaceae ; physiology

Aged ; Cross Infection ; microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pneumonia, Bacterial ; microbiology ; Pseudomonas Infections ; microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; classification ; isolation & purification

Persistent Muellerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare form of male pseudohermaphrodism without the feature of ambiguous genitalia. We present a case of PMDS with transverse testicular ectopia (TTE).
Abnormalities, Multiple ; Adult ; Disorders of Sex Development ; pathology ; surgery ; Hernia, Inguinal ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Mullerian Ducts ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Testicular Hydrocele ; surgery ; Testis ; abnormalities ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether photochemical smog emitted during the process of electric arc welding might cause oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the bodies of welding operators.

METHODSSeventy electric arc welding operators (WOs) and 70 healthy volunteers (HVs) were enrolled in a randomized controlled study design, in which the levels of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) in plasma as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and the level of lipoperoxide (LPO) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometry.

RESULTSCompared with the average values of the above experimental parameters in the HVs group, the average values of VC and VE in plasma as well as those of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the WOs group were significantly decreased (P < 0.005-0.0001), while the average value of LPO in erythrocytes in the WOs group was significantly increased (P < 0.0001). The findings from the partial correlation analysis on the controlling of age suggested that with a prolonged duration of exposure to photochemical smog the values of VC, VE, SOD, and GPX, except for CAT, in the WOs were decreased gradually (P < 0.05-0.005), the value of LPO in the WOs was increased gradually (P < 0.001), and that with the ozone dose increased in the air in each worksite VC, VE, SOD, CAT and GPX decreased (P < 0.005-0.001), but LPO increased (P < 0.001). The findings from the reliability analysis for the VC, VE, SOD, CAT, GPX, and LPO values which were used to reflect oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the WOs showed that the reliability coefficients' alpha (6 items) was 0.8021, P < 0.0001, and that the standardized item alpha was 0.9577, P < 0.0001.

CONCLUSIONFindings in the present study suggest that there exists an oxidative stress induced by long-term exposure to photochemical smog in the bodies of WOs, thereby causing potential oxidative and lipoperoxidative damages in their bodies.

Adult ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid ; blood ; Catalase ; blood ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; blood ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxides ; blood ; Middle Aged ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Oxidants, Photochemical ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Oxidative Stress ; Ozone ; analysis ; toxicity ; Risk Assessment ; Smog ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Vitamin E ; blood ; Welding

OBJECTIVETo investigate the difference in the CD4+T lymphocytes activation between long term non progressors (LTNP) and typical progressors (TP) of HIV-1 infected patients.

METHODSTwenty-four HIV-1 infected patients and 15 heathy control adults were tested and flow cytometry was used to detect the activation marker CD38 and CD4 count in blood samples taken from the patients and control. bDNA method was used to test the virus load in the plasma of patients.

RESULTSThe activation of CD4+T cells was positively correlated with virus load and negatively correlated with CD4 counts. Compared with normal controls, the activation of CD4+T cells was obviously increased in TP patients but not obviously changed in LTNP patients.

CONCLUSIONCompared with healthy controls, the activation of CD4+T cells in LTNP did not obviously increase. This maybe partially accounts for LTNP patients keeping a good state for a long time.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 ; analysis ; Adult ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; HIV Infections ; blood ; immunology ; virology ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral ; blood ; Time Factors ; Viral Load ; Young Adult

Adult ; Aged ; B-Lymphocytes ; pathology ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; complications ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver ; pathology ; Lymphoma ; etiology ; pathology ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Staining and Labeling

Antiviral Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; complications ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Mental Disorders ; complications ; Middle Aged

AIMTo observe the intracellular calcium ion spatio-temporal and dynamic changes in the hippocampal neuronal culture model of epilepsy induced by low magnesium ion medium, and to explore the relationship between calcium ion and epilepsy.

METHODSApplying both laser scanning confocal microscope and patch clamp to timely observe the changes of [Ca2+]i and electrophysiological in the hippocampal neuronal culture model of epilepsy, and the influence of NMDA receptor-gated channels retarder and non-NMDA receptor-gated channels retarder.

RESULTSAfter the hippocampal nerve cell broken into epileptiform discharges, [(Ca2+]i rapidly ascended to (620 +/- 70) nmol/L, NMIDA acceptor retarder (MK-801, 10 micromol/L) and non-NMDA acceptor retarder (NBQX, 10 micromol/L) reduced [Ca2+]i ascendance. Recovery of the elevated [Ca2+]i was obviously delay, after 90 min and 150 min epileptiform discharges, it took (114.8 +/- 5.2) min and (135.0 +/- 22.7) min (P < 0.05) respectively.

CONCLUSIONIn vitro status epilepticus causes sustained elevation of intracellular calcium levels in hippocampal neurons

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; metabolism ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Status Epilepticus ; metabolism ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether overweight and obesity might cause oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in overweight and obese children, and to explore its possible mechanism.

METHODSEighty-five overweight and obese children (OOC), and eighty-five age-matched healthy children (HC) were recruited in this case-control study. The present study analyzed spectrophotometrically vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and 3-carotene (P-CAR) in plasma, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in erythrocytes.

RESULTSCompared with those of VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, CAT and MDA in the HC group, the average values of VC, VE, 3-CAR, SOD, and CAT in the OOC group were significantly decreased (P<0.001), while the average value of MDA in the OOC group was significantly increased (P<0.001). The regression analysis demonstrated that VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, and CAT were negatively correlated (P<0.05-0.01), and MDA was positively correlated with BMI (P<0.05). Fitting to the model of multiple stepwise regression of BMI on VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, CAT, and MDA in 85 OOC was Y= 27.0041 + 0.2541MDA - 2.1448beta-CAR - 0.0090CAT, where F= 43.8088, P<0.001, r = 0.7866, r(2)= 0.6187, adjusted r(2)= 0.6046. The findings from the reliability analysis for VC, VE, P-CAR, SOD, CAT, and MDA used to reflect increased oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the OOC showed that the reliability coefficients (alpha, 6 items) = 0.7231, P<0.0001, and that the standardized item alpha = 0.9207, P<0.0001.

CONCLUSIONThe present study suggests that there exists an increased oxidative stress in overweight and obese children.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; physiology