The link between micro- and macro-parameters for radiation interactions that take place in living biological systems is described in this paper. Meanwhile recent progress and development in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry are introduced, including the methods to measure and calculate these micro- or nano-parameters. The relationship between radiobiology and physical quantities in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry was presented. Both the current problems on their applications in radiation protection and radiotherapy and the future development direction are proposed.
Humans ; Physics ; Radiation Protection ; Radiobiology ; Radiometry

Multiple modality treatment has been adapted for the treatment of various cancers,the outcome has been dramatically improved,but some of unique side effects due to the modalities like chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy have been observed in the clinic. Radiation recall dermatitis(RRD) is one of the side effects. In this paper,the etiology,clinical features,diagnosis,treatment and related factors of the radiation recall dermatitis are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Some researches indicated that the acupuncture treatment, especially at Sanjiao meridian might be effective for otopathy. However, the mechanism is not clear yet.OBJECTIVE: To observe the hearing improvement of the cavies induced by gentamicin after the animals received the acupuncture at Sanjiao meridian acupoints: Yifeng (SJ 17), Ermen (SJ 21) and Zhongzhu (SJ 3).DESIGN: Complete randomization.SETTING: Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS: Sixty healthy white male cavies of 3-4 months old, common grade, 250-300 g weight and normal auricle reflex were selected and randomly arranged into 5 groups: normal group, model group, acupuncture groups of Yifeng (SJ 17), Ermen (SJ 21) and Zhongzhu (SJ 3), with 12 ones in each.METHODS: The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from January to July in 2001. ①The normal cavies were bred at normal conditions, while other cavies were injected intramuscularly with 80 mg/kg gentamicin every day, continuously for 20 days. At the same time of gentamicin injection, Yifeng (SJ 17), Ermen (SJ 21) and Zhongzhu (SJ 3) were selected for acupuncture treatment in the corresponding groups. The fixed cavies were pricked subcutaneously with 0.35 mm×25 mm stainless steel acupuncture needles for 10 mm straight depth. The needles were twisted with mild reinforcing-reducing method once in half a minute, repeated every 10 minutes, and remained for 30 minutes one day for 20 days.②Before and after the intervention, auditory brain-stem response (ABR) was detected with 7S11A evoked potential apparatus, in which the sound source was input by earphone for measuring the threshold value of ABR in cavies. ③The difference of measurement data were compared with t test between groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of acupuncture treatment at Yifeng (SJ 17), Ermen (SJ 21) and Zhongzhu (SJ 3) on the ABR threshold in cavies injured by gentamicin.RESULTS: Totally 60 cavies were involved in the result analysis. There was insignificant difference in the ABR threshold of each group before the intervention (P ＞ 0.05); After the intervention, the ABR threshold was obviously lower in normal group than in other 4 groups (P ＜ 0.01), and also obviously lower in 3 acupuncture groups than in model group (P＜ 0.01),and especially in Yifeng group than in model group.CONCLUSION: The acupuncture treatment at Ermen (SJ 21), Zhongzhu (SJ 3), and especially at Yifeng (SJ 17) acupoints can relieve the hearing impairment in the cavies due to drug toxicity.

Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Congenital Hypothyroidism ; DNA ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; genetics ; Infant ; Iodine ; metabolism ; Male ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sodium ; metabolism ; Symporters ; genetics

Objective To investigate the renal protection of Chinese cobra venoms (CCV) and its mechanism in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups. 0.1% CCV was separately infused into abdominal cavity at 0.5 h, 24 h before reperfusion in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ . Group Ⅲ suffered from kidney I/R was served as pathological control. Group Ⅳ was sham operation group. BUN and Scr were measured before ischemia and 24 h after reperfusion. Complement C3 was observed at 0, 0.5, 2, 24 h after reperfusion. The kidney samples were examined by HE stain under light microscopy. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin in situ nick-end labeling(TUNEL). Results Significant histological damage, apoptosis of tubular cell and impaired renal function were found in group Ⅰ and Ⅲ.The above indexes decreased to a less extend in group Ⅱ (P

Objective　To study the indication, contraindication and short-term clinical effects of stereotactic radiotherapy (X-knife) in lung cancer. Methods　A total of 56 cases (Treatment group) of lung cancer were treated with X-knife composing of the modern 3-D treatment planning system and the stereotactic body frame, and SL-75 accelerator. And another 53 cases only treated with routine external radiation served as the control. In treatment group, 42 cases received 50 Gy radiation, at 2 Gy per day, 5 d per week in the upper mediastinum, hilus of lung, below the primary focus first and then underwent X-knife for the primary focuses, and other 14 recurrent and metastatic cases received irradiation of 8-12 Gy per day, 5 d by X-knife alone. Results　The actually reexamination rate for 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after X-knife treatment in 78 focuses from 56 cases was 79.5% (62/78), 89.8% (70/78), 87.2% (68/78) and 78.2% (61/78) respectively. The focuses reappeared in 3 months after the treatment and the growth rates of focus in 3, 6, and 12 month after the treatment were 2.6% (2/78), 5.1% and 9% (7/78) respectively. There were 2 focuses received a second treatment with X-knife because no change after the first one. Both the 1-and 2-year survival rates of 36 cases of the primary lung cancer in the treatment group were higher than that of control group (89.1%, 53.9% and 77.4%, 39.6%). Conclusion　The stereotactic radiotherapy is of applicable and prospective in the treatment of lung cancer. The indications include: ①As a boost dose in case when primary focus is less than 5 cm after the first external radiotherapy may reduce the exposure of lung tissue to x-ray and the occurrence of radiation pneumonia; ②Treatment for the recurrence after radiotherapy and operation; ③Radical treatment for the metastatic focus less than 5 cm. Attention must be paid to when multiple treatment is carried on the volume of the focus, the Karnofsky scores and the general condition when stereotactic radiotherapy combined with X-knife for lung cancer.

Objective To investigate the role of glucagon peptide-1(GLP-1) in blood pressure variability (BPV) in diabetic hypertensive patients. Methods A total of 120 diabetic hypertensive patients were included in this study. GLP-1 was used for the treatment. The values of body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, creatine and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring were detected before and after treatment with GLP-1 for six months. The clinical indices were compared before and after treatment. Results The values of fasting blood glucose (mmol/L:7.12± 0.64 vs 9.19±2.78), glycosylated hemoglobin (%:7.00±0.14 vs 8.28±1.32) and BMI (kg/m2:19.30±3.24 vs 24.5±4.53 ) were de-creased to the normal level after GLP-1 treatment for six months (P<0.05). There were significant decrease in the 24-h sys-tolic BP (mmHg:135.02 ± 16.57 vs 139.52 ± 15.60), daytime systolic BP (mmHg:132.5 ± 14.6 vs 136.44 ± 14.24), 24-h systolic BP variability (mmHg:12.20 ± 1.44 vs 12.73 ± 1.66), daytime systolic BP variability (mmHg:11.11 ± 1.48 vs 11.74 ± 1.52 ), and daytime diastolic BP variability (mmHg:7.03±1.42 vs 7.43±1.45) after GLP-1 treatment for six months (P<0.05). Conclu-sion GLP-1 can decrease BPV in diabetic hypertensive patients.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of multi-slice CT(MSCT) reconstruction in the diagnosis of intracranial foreign bodies.MethodsMSCT scans were performed in 16 patients with intracranial foreign bodies. The volumetric data were reconstructed in the workstation. 5 patients were detected by CT angiography (CTA) examination. Imaging results were then compared with findings found during surgery.Results11 foreign bodies located in one brain lobe, 3 passed two brain lobes, 2 located in ventricle. Among them, 6 cases were closed to parietal including 2 cases closed to cerebral arterial circle. 14 patients were operated and extirpated 18 foreign bodies. Compared with surgical findings, the orientative accuracy of reconstruction imaging was 100%, qualitative accuracy was 85.7%.ConclusionMSCT reconstruction may display the intracranial foreign bodies from multi-angles. It is propitious to know the characteristics, location and whole shape of the foreign bodies for the surgeon before the operation, accordingly to make a best operation project.

Objective To analyze the recurrence rate of intubation and increase of ventilator support rate within 24 hours after using fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in critically ill patients with hypoxemia complicated with respiratory failure, and to approach the feasibility of FOB in such patients.Methods A prospective study was conducted, including 200 critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure using FOB [oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) ≤ 300 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)] admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College. The rates of intubation and increased ventilatory support and the reasons for bronchoscopy related complications after using FOB 24 hours were recorded, the main risk factors leading to these changes and complications were analyzed and screened by logistic regression analytic method.Results Within 24 hours after using FOB for 200 patients with respiratory failure, an increase in mechanical ventilatory support was required in 68 patients (34%) of that 28 (14%) led to endotracheal intubation. With the extension of time, the rates of intubation and ventilatory support showed a tendency of elevation, the rise in ventilatory support rate being faster. The reasons for bronchoscopy related complications after FOB consisted of cardiovascular disease (41%), coronary artery disease (17%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 17%), chronic restrictive pulmonary disease (10%), immunity suppression (54%), malignant neoplastic hematologic disorder (20%), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS, 12%), solid organ transplantation (3%), solid tumor (10%), corticosteroid therapy (25%), immunosuppressive drug (16%), diabetes (15%), chronic renal failure (14%), swallowing nerve injury (37%), anticoagulant therapy (19%), antiplatelet therapy (13%). In the patients with occurrence of COPD or immunosuppression, the rate of invasive ventilation used was significantly higher than that without using invasive ventilation [COPD: 35% (10/28) vs. 14% (24/172),χ2 = 8.081,P = 0.004; immunosuppression: 75% (21/28) vs. 50% (86/172),χ2 = 6.051,P = 0.014]. The logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of COPD or immunosuppression was obviously related to whether the intubation being necessary or not [COPD: odds ratio (OR) = 5.200, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.500 - 17.700,P = 0.006; immunosuppression:OR = 5.300, 95%CI =1.600 - 17.100,P = 0.004].Conclusions In patients with hypoxemia using FOB, they often require addition of mechanical ventilatory support, but the intubation rate is not high. Under the ventilatory support, FOB has certain feasibility for treatment of critically ill patients with hypoxemia and acute respiratory failure.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the patient positioning in prostate cancer therapy with the kilo-volt X-ray imaging system. Methods From June to August in 2014,14 patients with prostate cancer were treated by carbon ion beam with the Siemens proton and carbon ion equipment. X-ray orthogonal images was made twice by the imaging system before treatment. All the images were fused with the planning digitally reconstructed radiograph ones by automatic and manual method. We got positioning error data in six directions:lateral, longitudinal, vertical, isocentre, roll and pitch. The data were analyzed to study the situation. Results A total of 644 pairs of images from 14 patients were obtained during treatment. The average error in six directions is 0. 34 cm,0. 30 cm,0. 79 cm,0. 3°,1. 1° and 0. 5°.The patients′positioning error had no obvious change in all directions with fractions. There was no significant deviation between the two groups of images,either. But error in pitch and vertical direction is much larger. Conclusions The bony landmarks of the orthogonal filed images are clear. Photography lasts short time by the imaging system. DRR images are 3D and we can get images in six directions,but the development of soft tissue is weak. Positioning error we get cannot be match with the one of actual situation.