Fraction absorbed (Fa) is an important parameter to describe the absorption level of oral drugs, and an important basis for the development and optimization of the formulation process. Because it is easily confused with the concept of absolute bioavailability, it has not received enough attention from the industry. There are many complex factors affecting Fa. There are three time-related factors that directly affect the extent of Fa: the release time, the absorption time, and the residence time. The relationship between these three time-related factors determines the extent of Fa. Generally, we are more concerned about the apparent factors that affect the extent of Fa, including independent variables and covariates; The independent variables include administered dose, route, dosage form, etc. The covariates are divided into internal and external factors, and external factors include food factors, drug interactions, etc. Internal causes include age, sex, disease, etc. This paper analyzes and systematically combs how independent variables and covariates directly or indirectly affect the three time-related factors by affecting the body's physiology and internal environment, thus changing the complex process of Fa. Understanding this theoretical framework can better optimize the independent variables to reduce the impact of covariates on Fa. In addition, this paper also introduces the latest progress of prediction and evaluation of Fa, including the progress of complex dissolution device and the status of software prediction.

Objective To analyze X-ray findings of diaphragm and other related features in the diagnosis of hyperthyroid cardiopathy.Methods Forty cases without any other disease were taken chest plain film before therapy.The X-ray findings were analyzed.Results In all of X-ray features,low and flat diaphragm;barrel chest;increased and wide lung marking,which presented as network-like structure with mottling in bilateral inferior lung were closelv related to pathologic changes.Pneumonemia;pulmonary stasis;prominence of pulmonary artery segment;dilatation of right inferior pulmonary artery were related to othe change of heart and pulmonary circulation.Conclusion X-ray findings are closely related to the severe degree of pathologic changes in hyperthyroid cardiopathy.It is valuable for clinical diagnosis and treatment to recongnize these X-ray findings accurately.

Objective To study the diagnostic and prognostic values by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and computed tomography(CT) for investigation of infantile spasms(IS).Methods Fourty-two patients with IS were retrospectively reviewed by CT scan and MRI T1W,T2W and inversion recovery (IR) and MRA techniques.Results Fourteen cases were found abnormal in CT,including encephalatrophy,hemorrhage,gross malformation and lesions with underlying calcification;MRI studies of 24/28 cases showed that MRI was the most appropriate imaging technique in diagnosis of the underlying substrate of patients with IS and other epilepsies,particularly in periventricular leuko malacia(PL),delayedmyelination(DM),hypxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE),kernicterus,tuberous sclerosis(TS),hippocampal sclerosis(HS),brainstematrophy,heterotopia,corpus callosum and vascular malformation,et al.MRI was also valuable for determining the prognoses of IS,but it should be combined with the clinical symptom and ages. Conclusions MRI and CT are highly important for the investigation and treatment of patients with IS; MRI is much more sensitive to exploration of neuropathology of infatile spasms,such as PL,DM,HIE,kernicteus,HS,heterotopias and focally cortical dysplasia.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anthracosis ; complications ; microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; complications ; microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pseudomonas Infections ; microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects

The effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin injection (CSII, n=306) and multiple subcutaneous insulin injection (MSII, n=310)on hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus were compared. The results suggest that the effect of CSII is more prompt and efficient with lower incidence of hypoglycemia as compared with MSII.

Objective To investigate the causes of and prevention for cerebral complications in perioperative period in patients with carotid stenosis. Methods The causes and treatment of cerebral complications among 133 cases of carotid stenosis during perioperative period from May 2004 to Jun 2009 were analysed retrospectively. Results Among 133 cases, 94 cases underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and 39 cases had carotid artery stenting(CAS). Cerebral complications developed in 16 cases including 3 cases of more than two attacks. 5 cases suffered from tansient ischemia attacks (TIA)or cerebral ischemia before operation. 5 developed TIA or cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHPS) among those undergoing CEA and 4 developed TIA or CHPS among CAS cases. During postoperative period, 8 cases developed TIA, CHPS,cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions Prevention and treatment of cerebral complications is extremely important durning surgical therapy of carotid stenosis.

Objective To explore the correlation between-173G/C gene polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) and Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP),Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis(HSPN) in children in Jiangxi Province.Methods One hundred and thirty-one ethnic Han children with HSP were enrolled,including 80 children with concurrent nephritis(HSPN group) and 51 children without nephritis(HSP without nephritis group).One hundred and five healthy children were used as the healthy control group.Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by Promega blood genomic DNA kit.Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) was used for genotyping the-173G/C polymorphism of MIF.Genotype distribution and allele frequencies were obtained by direct counting.Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 11.5 software.Allele and genotype distribution were compared by using the chi-square test.The relative risk of allele was described by odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(95%CI).Results Three genotypes(GG,GC,CC) were detected in MIF-173 G/C.GG,GC genotypes were detected in HSP without nephritis and healthy control group.GG,GC and CC genotypes were detected in HSPN group.Mutant genotype(37.5%) and C allele frequency(20.0%) in HSPN group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group(20.0% and 10.0%,respectively)(?2=6.964,7.400,Pa

Objective To explore a new model of medical humanity education in new situation. Methods Extensive survey was carried out among medical students,and discussion and consultation were hold to faculty and education administers.A new teaching model was established. Results A curriculum system with 1 or 2 core courses supported by some elective courses and social practice is under the process of implementation and achieved preliminary success.Conclusion The medical humanity education should pay attention to the development of connotation instead of pursuing the extension of quantity blindly,which means that students' school work must be eased by focusing on self-study and self-education.Medical students'life path with high-minded personality training should be strengthened.

OBJECTIVETo probe into the relation between acute respiratory infection and enterovirus (EV), season, age and sex of children in Beijing area.

METHODSNasopharyngeal secretion samples from 402 inpatient children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) were obtained, and EV RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The distribution of month, age and sex among the children positive for EV were analyzed.

RESULTSSeventy of the 402 cases were positive for EV RNA, the positive rate was 17.4 percent. The EV positive rate was 17.7 percent in children with lower respiratory tract infection, and 15.9 percent in children with upper respiratory tract infection. The EV positive rates were 0-36.1 percent in different months, which was the highest in the May (36.1 percent) and lower in December (4.3 percent). The positive rate of EV was 14.8 percent-21.9 percent in different age groups except for children 12 years of age and older, the positive rate was the lowest in the 4-6 years age group, and the highest in the 7 month-1 year age group. The EV infected boys and girls accounted for 16.2 percent and 19.7 percent of total numbers of boys and girls, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe EV positive rate was higher in children with lower respiratory infection, which suggests that EV may play an important role in ARI of children. The EV positive rate was higher from late spring to autumn. EV infection was common in children under 12 years of age. The rate of EV infection was not significantly different between boys and girls.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Age Distribution ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Nasopharynx ; virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; etiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seasons

A cDNA sequence of Arnebia euchroma AP2/ERF named AeAP2/ERF was cloned by in silico cloning in this study, using ACX71873 sequence from Lithospermum erythrorhizon as the probe sequence. Some characters of the AP2/ERF gene and encoded protein sequences were predicted and analyzed by the bioinformatics methods, including general physical and chemical properties, hydrophobieity, signal peptide, secondary structure, localization sites in cells. Results showed that the 876 bp long gene included a 1 077 bp ORF and encoding 205 amino acid. The AeAP2/ERF protein had no signal peptide, it was a hydrophilic proteins located in nucleus. The function of the AP2/ERF protein was mainly involved with metabolism controlling and signal transduction.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Boraginaceae ; classification ; genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Transcription Factors ; chemistry ; genetics