[Objectives]To extract Yang Lishan’s description of latent evils ,summarize his arguments, and provide reference for exploring his academic ideology further. [Methods] Use the literature methodology, take“latent evils”and“pestilential pathogen”as keywords, retrieve the related description in Yang Lishan’s book, summarize his main opinions on latent evils. [Results] Yang Lishan wholly refused the theory of latent cold evil turning into pathogenic warm, and he believed that the cause of latent evils is pestilential pathogen, thereby distinguishes warm disease from exogenous febrile disease on etiology level. He described the disease’s quality, afferent pathway, hiding spot, the way out, therapeutic method, prescription and recuperation in details, which are mature enough to form a complete theoretical system. The prescription Sheng Jiang Powder represents experiment with the thought of treating pestilential pathogen with drugs and special medicine for special disease, which makes the etiology of pestilential pathogen to have real directive value. [Conclusion] Yang Lishan’s theory of latent evils has implications in treatment and prevention of epidemic diseases.

OBJECTIVE:To establish an HPLC method for the determination of Tanshinone Ⅱ A in Huganning tablets.METHODS:The determination was performed by HPLC using C18 column(200 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) with the column temperature maintained at 25 ℃.The mobile phase consisted of methanol-water(80∶20) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL?min-1 and a UV detection wavelength of 270 nm.RESULTS: The calibration curve of Tanshinone Ⅱ A was in good linearity over the range of 4.999～44.999 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 7) and the mean recovery was 99.07%(RSD=0.33%,n=9).CONCLUSION: The method is sensitive,accurate and reproducible,and it can be used for the quality control of Huganning tablets.

Notch signaling is an important evolutionarily conserved pathway involving the fate of cells translation. Additional?ly, this pathway also plays an important role in cartilage formation and maintenance of chondrocytes phenotype, regulation of the prolif?eration, maturation and balance of cartilage matrix metabolism. This paper reviews the composition and activation process of notch sig?naling, and its specific role in cartilage formation.

The present paper is a study on the use of English movies in the teaching of college English,focusing on the design and interactive teaching process of the course "The Appreciation of English Movies".The paper argues that English movies play a positive role in creating an authentic communicative situation and acquainting students with western culture.

Objective To explore the efficacy of multiple target therapy in treatment of patients with chronic moderate and severe IgA nephropathy with hyperuricemia.Methods Seventy-six patients with chronic progressive moderate and severe IgA nephropathy with hyperuricemia were enrolled the current study and randomly divided into observation group and control group.Patients in control group were treated with allopurinol,prednisone,benner pury and valsartan,while those in observation group were treated with urokinase,mycophenolate mofetil besides the basis of control group for 6 months.The blood uric acid (UA),24 h urine protein,mean arterial pressure (MAP) and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) were determined and analyzed.Results The levels of UA,24 h urinary protein,MAP and Ccr in observation group and control group were same before treatment (P ＞ 0.05).After 6 months treatment,the levels of UA,24 h urine protein,MAP and Ccr in observation group were (413.7 ± 90.7) μmol/L,(1.15 ± 0.57) g/L,(87.7 ± 10.6) mmHg and (81.9 ± 3.7) ml/min respectively,significantly different from those of the control group ((369.6 ± 67.2) μ mol/L,(0.77 ±0.51) g/L,(81.6 ±12.3) mmHg and (86.4 ±6.8) ml/min;t =2.219,2.802,2.132,3.230;P ＜0.05).The rate of adverse reactions in two groups was not significantly differnent(9.7％ (3/31) vs 9.1％ (3/33) ; x2 =0.006,P =0.936).Conclusion Multiply target therapy is effective and safe in terms of treating chronic progressive moderate and severe IgA nephropathy with hyperuricemia.

Objective To evaluate the role of autophagy in hippocampal neurons in cognitive dysfunction caused by sevoflurane anesthesia in juvenile rats.Methods One hundred four male SpragueDawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 10-16 g, were randomly assigned into 3 groups using a random number table: control group (group C, n =8), sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S, n =48), and sevoflurane anesthesia + rapamycin group (group SR, n =48).Group C inhaled 60％ oxygen for 6 h.S and SR groups inhaled 3.6％ sevoflurane anesthesia for 6 h, and in addition, rapamycin 2 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before of sevoflurane inhalation in group SR.The equal volume of phosphate buffer solution was given in C and S groups.At 1 h before sevoflurane anesthesia (T0) , immediately after the end of anesthesia (T1) , and at 12, 24 and 48 h after the end of anesthesia (T2-4) , 8 rats were randomly selected from S and SR groups to determine the expression of autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) Ⅰ , LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 in hippocampal neurons (by Western blot).The ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ was calculated.Morris water maze test was performed at 5 weeks after the end of anesthesia to assess the cognitive function.The escape latency, frequency of crossing the original platform, and duration of swimming spent at the target quadrant were recorded.Results Compared with the values at T0, the expression of LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 was significantly down-regulated at T1-3 , and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 [was decreased in group S, and the expression of LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 was significantly up-regulated at T1-4, and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ was increased in group SR (P＜0.05).Compared with group C, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the frequency of crossing the original platform was reduced, and the duration of swimming spent at the target quadrant was shortened at 3-5 days in group S (P＜0.05) , and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group SR (P＞ 0.05).Compared with group S, the escape latency was significantly shortened, the frequency of crossing the original platform was increased, and the duration of swimming spent at the target quadrant was prolonged at 3-5 days, the expression of LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 was up-regulated at T1-4 , and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ was increased in group SR (P＜0.05).Conclusion Weakened autophagy in hippocampal neurons is involved in cognitive dysfunction caused by sevoflurane anesthesia in the juvenile rats.

ObjectiveTo compare the therapeutic efficacies between acupoint thread embedding plus Western medication and dry Western medication in treating metabolic syndrome.MethodTotally 320 patients with metabolic syndrome were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 160 cases in each group. The control group was intervened by ordinary Western medication, while the treatment group was by acupoint thread embedding in addition to the Western medication given to the control group, and Yishu (Extra), Geshu (BL17), Ganshu (BL18), Pishu (BL20), Shenshu (BL23), Tianshu (ST25), Daimai (GB26), and Guanyuan (CV4) were selected as the major points. The therapeutic efficacies, metabolism-related parameters, liver function, and kidney function were compared between the two groups, and the therapeutic efficacies of different syndromes were also compared.ResultThe markedly effective rate and total effectiverate of the treatment group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, there was no significant difference in comparing the HDL-C between the two groups (P>0.05), but there were significant inter-group differences in comparing the rest parameters including liver and kidney functions (P<0.05), and the treatment group was superior to the control group. Acupoint thread embedding produced a more significant efficacy in treating metabolic syndrome due to heat in liver-stomach and phlegm-dampness stagnancy compared to the control group (P<0.05), and the efficacy of acupoint thread embedding in treating metabolic syndrome due to phlegm-dampness stagnancy was significantly different from that of the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionAcupoint thread embedding plus Western medication can produce a more significant therapeutic efficacy in treating metabolic syndrome compared to Western medication alone, and it’s safe; of all the patterns, phlegm-dampness stagnancy responds thebest to acupoint thread embedding.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transcranial doppler(TCD)as an additional screening tool for intracranial arterial steno-occlusive disease in patients with acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)by comparing with the computed tomography angiography(CTA). Methods Two hundred and twenty-four consecutive patients who were hospitalized within 7 days of the onset of symptoms and fulfilled the criteria for the clinical di-agnosis of AIS between May 2013 and May 2014 were enrolled for the study. Among the 224 patients,there were 118 males and 106 females with an average age of 61.2±12.6 years. High-resolution brain CTA was performed after completion of TCD. Results There was slight distinction of the diag-nostic accuracy of TCD for different arteries. TCD demonstrated the most accurate diagnosis for carotid artery vascular system,with a sensitivity of 96.19%and specificity of 98.60%. For the vertebrobasilar vascular system,TCD diagnosis showed a sensitivity of 71.11%and specificity of 94.31%. TCD findings were complementary to the CTA results(real-time embolization,collateral flow patterns and steal phenomenon). Conclusion TCD shows a high diagnostic accuracy comparing to CTA in evaluating intracranial and extracranial arterial stenosis in patients with AIS,especially for the carotid artery vascular system analysis within a short time interval. TCD can also provide additional real-time dynamic findings complementary to the information provided by CTA.

BACKGROUND:Based on the blood and urine biochemical changes in different intensities and types of exercise, this research describes the impact of exercise on bone metabolism. Meantime, these biochemical indexes also show a method of marking physiological differences of certain individuals, and also reflect the impact of exercise on bone. These can be regarded as a monitoring index of bone growth and metabolism. OBJECTIVE:To study exercise effect from the biochemical indicators in bone metebolism, and make a further discussion about its influence on bone formation and bone resorption. METHODS:Databases of CNKI and PubMed were retrieved by computer with key words of “exercise; bone metabolism; biochemical indicators” in Chinese and English, respectively, by screening titles and abstracts to search papers related to exercise effects on the blood and urine biochemical indicators. Totaly 236 papers were initialy found, and only 38 papers were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Low-intensity exercise shows less effect on the bone, but excessive exercise is harmful to the bone that can cause stress fractures. What’s worse, it causes a lack of female hormone and reduce bone mass. Exercise can alter the blood and urine biochemical indicators in aspects of types of exercise and intensities. Only the exercise at appropriate intensity makes positive effects on bone formation and resorption, and assists bone mineral density and bone biomechanical indicators to develop exercise prescription and arrange rehabilitation exercises. MechanismS of bone turnover need further discussion at the celular level.

Objective To observe the level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and its downstream target gene cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-treated intestinal epithelial cells,and to explore the possible intervention targets of Rheum emodin.Methods Human intestinal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro treated with LPS to establish the experimental model.The protein level trends of HIF-1α and COX-2 were measured by Western blot in LPS dose-dependent and time-dependent manners.The protein level trends of HIF-1α,COX-2,Phospho-IκB-α and Phospho-NF-κB p65 were measured in LPS plus various concentrations of Rheum emodin treated groups.The expression of HIF-1α mRNA were detected by PCR after cells treated with LPS or LPS plus Rheum emodin,respectively.The effect of Rheum emodin on the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells was measured by MTT assay in each group.Data were analyzed with ANOVA,and P ＜0.05 was considered significant.Results LPS induced the protein level of HIF-1α in a dose-dependent and a time-dependent manners.With increasing concentrations of LPS,the protein level of HIF-1α increased to the peak when cells were treated with LPS at 10-30mg/mL,and then gradually decreased (P ＜0.05).Firstly the protein level of HIF-1α reached the peak at 0.5 h after treatment,and then decreased to the lowest level at 4 h,and finally returned to a high level (P＜0.05).The protein level trend of COX-2 went a similar way to that of HIF-1α (P ＜0.05).Rheum emodin inhibited the protein levels of LPS-induced HIF-1α,COX-2,Phospho-IκB-α and Phospho-NF-κB p65 with a significant dose-effect relationship (P ＜ 0.05).The PCR showed Rheum emodin inhibited LPS-induced increasing expression of HIF-1α mRNA.MTT assay showed different concentrations of Rheum emodin (0 μmol/L,20 μmol/L,40 μmol/L,60 μmol/L,80 μmol/L) had no significant effect on cell proliferation (0.95 ± 0.02,0.89 ± 0.03,0.88 ± 0.04,0.91 ± 0.03,0.83 ± 0.03,P ＞ 0.05).Although Rheum emodin produced biological effect at this concentration range,and it had no toxicity to intestinal cells.Conclusions LPS induces HIF-1α/COX-2 signaling pathway in a time-dependent and a dose-dependent manners in intestinal epithelial cells.Rheum emodin blocks the hypoxia pathway of LPS/HIF-1α/COX-2 and the inflammatory pathway of LPS/IκB-α/NF-κB/COX-2,which may play a protective effect on intestinal epithelial cells.