OBJECTIVE To investigate the trend of resistance of antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae 1996-2005.METHODS Agar diffusion test was used to analyze the changes in drug susceptibility of K.pneumoniae isolated from 11 hospitals in Shanghai to antimicrobial agents.RESULTS The resistance rates of K.pneumoniae to antimicrobial agents mostly increased 1996-2005.The resistance rates to piperacillin,cefazolin and cefuroxime remained at high levels(more than 50%),while which to cefotaxime(29.3-45.2%) and piperacillin/tazobactam(5.1-20.6%) were increased obviously.Carbapenems were the most active agents against the K.pneumoniae isolates.The resistance rates to ciprofloxacin increased from 14.4% to 35.8%.The detectable rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing strains in K.pneumoniae increased from 30.1% to 42.0%.CONCLUSIONS The trend of resistance of K.pneumoniae to commonly used antimicrobials was upward 1996-2005.

Alternative polyadenylation (APA), a phenomenon that RNA molecules with different 30 ends originate from distinct polyadenylation sites of a single gene, is emerging as a mechanism widely used to regulate gene expression. In the present review, we first summarized various methods prevalently adopted in APA study, mainly focused on the next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based techniques specially designed for APA identification, the related bioinformatics methods, and the strategies for APA study in single cells. Then we summarized the main findings and advances so far based on these methods, including the preferences of alternative polyA (pA) site, the biological processes involved, and the corresponding consequences. We especially categorized the APA changes discovered so far and discussed their potential functions under given conditions, along with the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. With more in-depth studies on extensive samples, more signatures and functions of APA will be revealed, and its diverse roles will gradually heave in sight.

Clostridioides difficile is a key pathogen of antibiotic related diarrhea and hospital associated infection, causing several outbreaks in Europe and North Americans and resulting in severe disease burden. However, the standardized diagnostic principle and detection specifications in C. difficile infection (CDI) survey are limited in China, and the infection rate and disease burden of CDI in China are unclear. Therefore, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention,National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, together with another 11 institutions, draft the group standard entitled "Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (T/CPMA 008-2020)" of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Based on the principle of "legality, scientificity, advancement, and feasibility", this standard clarifies risk factors, diagnosis principles, diagnoses and differential diagnoses in order to improve the accuracy of CDI diagnosis in clinical practice, guide the surveillance for CDI, and understand the infection rate and disease burden of CDI in China .